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Siyah Alacalarda Kuru Dönem Süresinin Kısaltılması

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 64 - 75, 17.06.2021

Abstract

Sütçü sığırlarda laktasyonun sonunda süt veriminin azalarak kendiliğinden ya da insan eliyle sütten kesilmesiyle başlayıp buzağılamaya kadar devam eden kuru dönem süresi hakkında yaklaşık 100 yıldır çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Başlarda optimum kuru dönem süresini belirlemeye yönelik olan çalışmalar genellikle verilere dayalı olup bu çalışmalarda kuru dönem süresinin 50-60 gün arasında olması gerektiği belirtilmektedir. Genetik ve çevresel faktörlerin iyileştirilmesiyle son yıllarda ineklerin buzağılamaya 2 ay kala süt verimleri yüksek seviyede devam etmektedir. Bu yüzden son yıllarda süt verimindeki artışa bağlı olarak kuru dönemin kısaltılması ile ilgili deneysel çalışmalara ağırlık verilmektedir. Bu çalışmalarda kuru dönem süresinin 30-40 güne kadar kısaltılabileceği belirtilmiştir. Kuru dönemi kısalan ineklere direkt geçiş dönemi rasyonu verileceğinden böylelikle daha az rasyon ve barınak değişikliği olacaktır. Bu durum buzağılamadan sonra enerji dengesi ve döl veriminde artış sağlayacaktır. Bir sonraki laktasyonda kuru dönemin kısaltılmasından dolayı bir miktar düşüş görülse de kuru dönemin kısaltılmasına bağlı ekstra süt elde edilmesi, sağlık ve döl verimindeki artış sonucu verimli ömür süresinin uzaması görülecektir. Bu derlemede kuru dönem süresinin kısaltılmasıyla beraber siyah alacalarda süt verimi ve kompozisyonu, sağlık durumu ve meme bezlerinde meydana gelebilecek değişiklikler anlatılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda bu uygulamanın kârlılığı, sürü yönetimine etkisi ve pratikte uygulanabilirliği üzerinde durulmuş olup yetiştiricilere bilgi vermek ve araştırıcıların kapsamlı çalışmaları için fikir sağlamak amaçlanmıştır.

References

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  • Atashi, H., Zamiri, M. J., Dadpasand, M. (2013). Association between dry period length and lactation performance, lactation curve, calf birth weight, and dystocia in Holstein dairy cows in Iran. J Dairy Sci, 96(6), 3632-3638. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5943.
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  • Bachman, K. C., Schairer, M. L. (2003). Invited review: bovine studies on optimal lengths of dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 86(10), 3027-3037. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73902-2.
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  • Chen, J., Gross, J. J., van Dorland, H. A., Remmelink, G. J., Bruckmaier, R. M., Kemp, B., van Knegsel, A. T. (2015). Effects of dry period length and dietary energy source on metabolic status and hepatic gene expression of dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 98(2), 1033-1045. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8612.
  • Church, G. T., Fox, L. K., Gaskins, C. T., Hancock, D. D., Gay, J. M. (2008). The effect of a shortened dry period on intramammary infections during the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci, 91(11), 4219-4225. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1377.
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  • Gulay, M. S., Hayen, M. J., Bachman, K. C., Belloso, T., Liboni, M., Head, H. H. (2003). Milk production and feed intake of Holstein cows given short (30-d) or normal (60-d) dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 86(6), 2030-2038. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73792-8.
  • Gulay, M. S., Hayen, M. J., Head, H. H., Wilcox, C. J., Bachman, K. C. (2005). Milk production from Holstein half udders after concurrent thirty- and seventy-day dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 88(11), 3953-3962. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73081-2.
  • Gümen, A., Rastani, R., Grummer, R., Wiltbank, M. (2005). Reduced dry periods and varying prepartum diets alter postpartum ovulation and reproductive measures. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(7), 2401-2411. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72918-0.
  • Hale, S., Capuco, A., Erdman, R. (2003). Milk yield and mammary growth effects due to increased milking frequency during early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(6), 2061-2071. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73795-3.
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Shortening Dry Period Length in Holstein Cows

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 64 - 75, 17.06.2021

Abstract

Since the last century, a great deal of researches has been carried out to determine optimum dry period length which is nonlactating part of successive lactations. In 19th century; most studies, used observational data from lactation records, recommended dry period length to be between 50-60 day. With improving genetic and environmental conditions in last decades, cows are still producing a desirable amount of milk before the last 2 months of lactation. So, the researchers, focused on experimental researches about dry period length, have proposed shortening dry period to be 30-40 d in length. Shortening dry period of cows would cause less ration and therefore housing changes throughout the dry period. Although milk losses in the subsequent lactation due to shortening dry period length; improvement reproductive performance and energy balance due to this management procedure would maximize productive life and gain considerable amount of milk prior to calving. This review gives general information how shortening dry period in Holsteins will affect milk yield and composition, health, mammary gland. The review also focuses on profitability, herd management and practical aspects of shortening dry periods for dairy breeders and encourage researchers to make more comprehensive studies.

References

  • Annen, E., Collier, R. J., McGuire, M., Vicini, J., Ballam, J., Lormore, M. (2004). Effect of modified dry period lengths and bovine somatotropin on yield and composition of milk from dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(11), 3746-3761. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73513-4.
  • Arnold, P. D., Becker, R. (1936). Influence of preceding dry period and of mineral supplement on lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 19(4), 257-266. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(36)93061-8.
  • Atashi, H., Zamiri, M. J., Dadpasand, M. (2013). Association between dry period length and lactation performance, lactation curve, calf birth weight, and dystocia in Holstein dairy cows in Iran. J Dairy Sci, 96(6), 3632-3638. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5943.
  • Athie, F., Bachman, K., Head, H., Hayen, M., Wilcox, C. (1997). Milk Plasmin During Bovine Mammary Involution That Has Been Accelerated by Estrogen1. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(8), 1561-1568. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76086-7.
  • Bachman, K. (2002). Milk production of dairy cows treated with estrogen at the onset of a short dry period. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(4), 797-803. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74138-6.
  • Bachman, K. C., Schairer, M. L. (2003). Invited review: bovine studies on optimal lengths of dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 86(10), 3027-3037. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73902-2.
  • Bauman, D. E., Vernon, R. G. (1993). Effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin on lactation. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 13: 437-461.
  • Bernier-Dodier, P., Girard, C., Talbot, B., Lacasse, P. (2011). Effect of dry period management on mammary gland function and its endocrine regulation in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(10), 4922-4936. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4116.
  • Capuco, A., Wood, D., Baldwin, R., Mcleod, K., Paape, M. (2001). Mammary cell number, proliferation, and apoptosis during a bovine lactation: relation to milk production and effect of bST. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(10), 2177-2187. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74664-4.
  • Capuco, A. V., Akers, R. M., Smith, J. J. (1997). Mammary growth in Holstein cows during the dry period: quantification of nucleic acids and histology. J Dairy Sci, 80(3), 477-487. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75960-5.
  • Cermakova, J., Kudrna, V., Simeckova, M., Vyborna, A., Dolezal, P., Illek, J. (2014). Comparison of shortened and conventional dry period management strategies. J Dairy Sci, 97(9), 5623-5636. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7499.
  • Chen, J., Gross, J. J., van Dorland, H. A., Remmelink, G. J., Bruckmaier, R. M., Kemp, B., van Knegsel, A. T. (2015). Effects of dry period length and dietary energy source on metabolic status and hepatic gene expression of dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 98(2), 1033-1045. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8612.
  • Church, G. T., Fox, L. K., Gaskins, C. T., Hancock, D. D., Gay, J. M. (2008). The effect of a shortened dry period on intramammary infections during the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci, 91(11), 4219-4225. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1377.
  • Coppock, C., Everett, R., Natzke, R., Ainslie, H. (1974). Effect of dry period length on Holstein milk production and selected disorders at parturition. Journal of Dairy Science, 57(6), 712-718. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(74)84953-2.
  • Dahl, G. E., Petitclerc, D. (2003). Management of photoperiod in the dairy herd for improved production and health. Journal of Animal Science, 81(15_suppl_3), 11-17. DOI: 10.2527/2003.81suppl_311x.
  • Funk, D. A., Freeman, A. E., Berger, P. J. (1987). Effects of previous days open, previous days dry, and present days open on lactation yield. J Dairy Sci, 70(11), 2366-2373. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80297-7.
  • Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh, N., Mohit, A. (2013). Effect of dry period length on the subsequent production and reproduction in Holstein cows. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(1). 100-108. DOI: 10.5424/sjar/2013111-3165.
  • Grummer, R., Rastani, R. (2004). Why reevaluate dry period length? Journal of Dairy Science, 87: E77-E85. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70063-6.
  • Gulay, M. S., Hayen, M. J., Bachman, K. C., Belloso, T., Liboni, M., Head, H. H. (2003). Milk production and feed intake of Holstein cows given short (30-d) or normal (60-d) dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 86(6), 2030-2038. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73792-8.
  • Gulay, M. S., Hayen, M. J., Head, H. H., Wilcox, C. J., Bachman, K. C. (2005). Milk production from Holstein half udders after concurrent thirty- and seventy-day dry periods. J Dairy Sci, 88(11), 3953-3962. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73081-2.
  • Gümen, A., Rastani, R., Grummer, R., Wiltbank, M. (2005). Reduced dry periods and varying prepartum diets alter postpartum ovulation and reproductive measures. Journal of Dairy Science, 88(7), 2401-2411. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72918-0.
  • Hale, S., Capuco, A., Erdman, R. (2003). Milk yield and mammary growth effects due to increased milking frequency during early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(6), 2061-2071. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73795-3.
  • Hurley, W. L. (1989). Mammary gland function during involution. J Dairy Sci, 72(6), 1637-1646. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79276-6.
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Zootechny (Other), Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Mustafa Çam 0000-0002-1821-191X

Şeref İnal This is me 0000-0003-4746-8930

Publication Date June 17, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çam, M., & İnal, Ş. (2021). Siyah Alacalarda Kuru Dönem Süresinin Kısaltılması. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 10(1), 64-75.