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1962 Küba Krizi: Amerikan Arşivleri Üzerinden Bir Okuma

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 39, 521 - 562, 27.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1001276

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Soğuk Savaş’ın en önemli nükleer krizlerinden birisi olan 1962 Küba Krizi’nin Amerikan arşiv belgeleri üzerinden bir okumasının yapılmasıdır. Arşiv belgeleri özellikle kriz süresince Amerikan karar alma mekanizmasının en tepesinde yer alan Başkan Kennedy’nin milli güvenlikle ilgili kurumların koordineli çalışmasının sağlanmasındaki etkisini ortaya koyması bakımından önemlidir. Nitekim bu çerçevede Kennedy’nin kriz süresince günde birkaç defa toplanan ve milli güvenlikle ilgili kurumların temsilcilerinin görüşlerini serbestçe ifade ettikleri bir platform olarak Milli Güvenlik Konseyi İcra Kurulu (The Executive Committee of the National Security Council/ ExComm) ön plana çıkmaktadır. ExComm toplantılarına ait tutanaklar ve diğer arşiv belgeleri kriz sürecinin yönetilmesindeki mekanik yapının anlaşılmasında önemli bir nokta olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu anlamda çalışma, nükleer savaşın eşiğindeki Amerika’nın milli güvenliğe bağlı olarak dış politika karar alma sürecinde liderlik yapısının yeri nedir ve liderlik yapısı hangi saikler üzerinden hareket etmiştir sorusuna cevap vermektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışmanın ilk bölümünde kuramsal değerlendirme yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde krize giden yolda hangi parametrelerin etkisi olduğu ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde Küba Krizi’nin gelişimi detaylı olarak kronolojik safhalarıyla ele alınırken Amerikan karar alıcıların krizin gelişimine dair düşünceleri arşiv belgeleri üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu noktada ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) belgeleri ve gizlilik dereceleri kaldırılmış CIA belgeleriyle desteklenerek detaylandırılmıştır. Son bölümde krizin sona ermesiyle ortaya çıkan uluslararası ortam açıklanmıştır.

References

  • CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/Cuban%20Missile %20Crisis1962.pdf
  • CIA Reading Room: Memorandum for the fıle, 17 October, 1962, https://www.cia.gov/ readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80B01676R001900100014-8.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2021).
  • CIA Reading Room; Brief Discussion with the President, 17 October 1962, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80B01676R001900100012-0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2021).
  • CIA Reading Room; Joint Evaluation of Soviet Missile Threat in Cuba, October 18, 1962, CIA- RDP78T05449A000200030001-8 https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/ CIA-RDP78T05449A000200030001-8.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2021).
  • CIA Reading Room; Report to the President by the Security Resources Panel of the ODM Science Advisory Committe, Deterrence&Survival in the Nuclear Age, 7 November, 1957, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86B00269R000300020003-3.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2021).
  • CIA Reading Room; Special National Intelligence Estimate, The Military Building in Cuba, 19 September 1962, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80B01676 R001800050003-7.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2021).
  • FRUS, Soviet Union, Vol. V, 1961 - 1963.
  • FRUS, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, Vol. VI, 1961-1963.
  • FRUS, Cuba: January 1961-September 1962, Vol. X 1961-1963.
  • FRUS, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath Vol. XI, 1961-1963.
  • FRUS, Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, Vol. XVI, 1961-1963.
  • BESCHLOSS, Michael; The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchevs, 1960-1963, Open Road Media, New York, 2016.
  • COLEMAN, David & SIRACUSA, Joseph; Real-World Nuclear Deterrence: The Making Of International Strategy, Praeger, London, 2006.
  • DALLEK, Robert; An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963, Little, Brown and Company, New York, 2003.
  • DOBBS, Michael; Geceyarısına Bir Kala: Nükleer Savaşın Beşiğinde Kennedy, Kruşçev ve Castro. (Çev. Erhun Yücesoy). YKY, İstanbul, 2010.
  • DOUGLASS, James; JFK and The Unspeakable: Why He Died & Why It Matters, Orbis Books, New York, 2008.
  • FREDERICK, Kempe, Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Most Dangerous Place on Earth, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 2011.
  • FREEDMAN, Lawrence; Kennedy’s Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos And Vietnam, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000.
  • GADDIS, John Lewis; Strategies Of Containment: A Critical Appraisal Of American National Security Policy During The Cold War, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005.
  • GETCHELL, Michelle; The Cuban Missile Crisis And The Cold War: A Short History With Documents, Hackett Publising, Indianapolis, 2018.
  • HUNT, Michael; Crises in US Froeign Policy: An International History Reader, Yale University Press, London, 1996.
  • KENNEDY, Robert; Thirteen Days, Macmillan Publishers, London, 1968.
  • KHRUSHCHEV, Nikita; Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, (Translator: Strobe Talbott), Little, Brown and Company, New York, 1974.
  • LÜTHI, Lorenz; Cold Wars: Asia, The Middle East, Europe, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2015.
  • MAY, Ernest & ZELIKOW, Philip; Kennedy Tutanakları ve Türkiye Üzerine Gizli Pazarlıklar, (Çev. Mehmet Harmancı), Sabah, İstanbul, 1998.
  • PEHLİVANOĞLU, Öner; Küba Krizi ve Nükleer Savaş Eşiğinde Türkiye, Kastaş, İstanbul, 2003.
  • SCHELESINGER, Arthur Jr.; Robert Kennedy and His Time, Mariner Books, New York, 1978.
  • STERN, Sheldon; The Week The World Stood Still: Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis, Stanford University Press, California, 2005.
  • TALBOT, David; Brothers: The Hidden History Of The Kennedy Years, Free Press, Washington, 2007.
  • ÜLGEN, Sinan & PERKOVİCH, George; Turkey’s Nuclear Future, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, 2015.
  • YAVUZ, Turan; Satılık Müttefik: Gizli Belgeler Işığında 1962 Küba Füze Krizi ve Türkiye, Destek Yayınları, İstanbul, 2019.
  • ALLYN, Bruce & BLİGHT, James G. & WELCH, David; “Essence Of Revision: Moscow, Havana and the Cuban Missile Crisis”, International Security, 14(3), 1989/1990.
  • AMADOR, FRANCISCO V., “The Rio de Janeiro Treaty: Genesis, Development, and Decline of a Regional System of Collective Security”, University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, Number 1, Vol 17, Fall 1985.
  • COLMAN, Jonathan; “Toward World Support and The Ultimate Judgment of History”, Journal of Cold War Studies, 21(2), 2019.
  • CRİSS, Nur B; “Strategic Nuclear Missiles in Turkey: The Jupiter Affair, 1959-1963”, The Journal of Strategic Studies, 20(3), 1997.
  • GADDIS, John Lewis; “The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis On The Origins The Cold War”, Diplomatic History, 7(3), 1983.
  • GARCIA-AMADOR, Francisco V., “The Rio de Janeiro Treaty: Genesis, Development, and Decline of a Regional System of Collective Security”, University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, number 1, vol 17, Fall 1985.
  • HARMER, Tanya; “The Cuban Question And The Cold War In Latin America: 1959-1964”, Journal of Cold War Studies, 21(3), 2019.
  • SEVER, Ayşegül; “Yeni Bulgular Işığında 1962 Küba Krizi ve Türkiye”, AÜSBF Dergisi, 52(1), 1997.
  • WENGER, Andreas & GERBER, Marcel; “John F. Kennedy and Limited Test Ban Treaty: A Case Study Of Presidential Leadership”, Presidential Studies Quartely, 29(2), 2004.
  • Akis Mecmuası, 1962, Cilt: XXVI, Sayı: 435.
  • Millet Meclisi Tutanak Dergisi, Dönem: 1, C. 11, Toplantı: 2, Birleşim: 34, 23.01.1963.
  • Bromley K. Smith, Organizational History of the National Security Council during the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations, 1988, https://historyinpieces.com/documents/ files/2014/08/Smith-NSC-History-1988.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 20.03.2021).
  • http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/b-29.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2021).
  • https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct18/doc2.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2021).
  • https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct20/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.03.2021).
  • https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct22/doc5.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2021).
  • Kennedy’s Press Conference, 20 November 1962, https://www.jfklibrary.org/assetviewer /archives/JFKWHA/1962/JFKWHA-144/JFKWHA-144 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2021).
  • Kennedy’s Speech, 10 June 1963, https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ jfkamericanuniversityaddress.html (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2021).
  • Letter from Fidel Castro to Khrushchev, 26 October 1962, https://microsites.jfklibrary. org/cmc/oct26/doc2.html (Erişim tarihi: 24.03.2021).
  • Letter from Fidel Castro to Khrushchev, October 28, 1962; https://digitalarchive. wilsoncenter.org/document/114503 (Erişim Tarihi: 24.03.2021).
  • Letter from Khrushchev to Fidel Castro, October 28, 1962; https://digitalarchive. wilsoncenter.org/document/114504.pdf?v=45584ab0dfdce9395b29471df701c9bc (Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2021).
  • Meeting of Robert Kennedy and Dobrynin, 27 October 1962, https://microsites. jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct27/ (Erişim tarihi: 25.03.2021).
  • Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct22/doc5.html (Erişim tarihi: 20.03.2021).
  • The National Security Archives, October 14, 1962: U-2 phoghraph of a truck convoy approaching a deployment soviet MEBMs near Los Palacios at San Cristobal, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/14.jpg (Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2021).
  • The National Security Archives, October 14, 1962: U-2 phograph of MRBM site two nautical miles away from the Los Palacios deployment https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/ nsa/cuba_mis_cri/15.jpg (Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2021).
  • The National Security Archives, September 28, 1962: photograph of Soviet ship Kasimov with IL-28 fuselages in crates, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cubamiscri /13.jpg (Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2021).

The 1962 Cuban Crisis: A Reading from the American Archives

Year 2021, Volume: 17 Issue: 39, 521 - 562, 27.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1001276

Abstract

The aim of this study is to explore the 1962 Cuban Crisis, one of the most important nuclear crises of the Cold War, through the American archival documents. Archival documents are especially important in that they reveal the influence of President Kennedy, who was at the top of the American decision-making mechanism during the crisis, in ensuring the coordinated work of institutions related to national security. As a matter of fact, in this context, the Executive Board of the National Security Council (The Executive Committee of the National Security Council/ ExComm) stands out as a platform where Kennedy convened several times a day during the crisis and where representatives of institutions related to national security express their views freely. Archive documents of ExComm meetings appear to be an important point in understanding the mechanical nature of the crisis process. In this sense, the study answers the question of what is the place of the leadership structure in the foreign policy decision-making process, depending on the national security of America on the verge of nuclear war, and what motives the leadership structure acted on. In this context, theoretical information will be included in the first stage of the study. In the second part, it is discussed what parameters have an impact on the road to the crisis. In the third chapter, while the development of the Cuban Crisis is discussed in detail in chronological stages, the thoughts of the American decision makers on the development of the crisis are examined through archive documents. At this point, the Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) documents of the US Department of State are supported and detailed with CIA documents whose secrecy degrees have been lifted. In the last section, the international environment that emerged with the end of the crisis was explained.

References

  • CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/Cuban%20Missile %20Crisis1962.pdf
  • CIA Reading Room: Memorandum for the fıle, 17 October, 1962, https://www.cia.gov/ readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80B01676R001900100014-8.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2021).
  • CIA Reading Room; Brief Discussion with the President, 17 October 1962, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80B01676R001900100012-0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2021).
  • CIA Reading Room; Joint Evaluation of Soviet Missile Threat in Cuba, October 18, 1962, CIA- RDP78T05449A000200030001-8 https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/ CIA-RDP78T05449A000200030001-8.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2021).
  • CIA Reading Room; Report to the President by the Security Resources Panel of the ODM Science Advisory Committe, Deterrence&Survival in the Nuclear Age, 7 November, 1957, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86B00269R000300020003-3.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2021).
  • CIA Reading Room; Special National Intelligence Estimate, The Military Building in Cuba, 19 September 1962, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80B01676 R001800050003-7.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2021).
  • FRUS, Soviet Union, Vol. V, 1961 - 1963.
  • FRUS, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, Vol. VI, 1961-1963.
  • FRUS, Cuba: January 1961-September 1962, Vol. X 1961-1963.
  • FRUS, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath Vol. XI, 1961-1963.
  • FRUS, Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, Vol. XVI, 1961-1963.
  • BESCHLOSS, Michael; The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchevs, 1960-1963, Open Road Media, New York, 2016.
  • COLEMAN, David & SIRACUSA, Joseph; Real-World Nuclear Deterrence: The Making Of International Strategy, Praeger, London, 2006.
  • DALLEK, Robert; An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963, Little, Brown and Company, New York, 2003.
  • DOBBS, Michael; Geceyarısına Bir Kala: Nükleer Savaşın Beşiğinde Kennedy, Kruşçev ve Castro. (Çev. Erhun Yücesoy). YKY, İstanbul, 2010.
  • DOUGLASS, James; JFK and The Unspeakable: Why He Died & Why It Matters, Orbis Books, New York, 2008.
  • FREDERICK, Kempe, Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Most Dangerous Place on Earth, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 2011.
  • FREEDMAN, Lawrence; Kennedy’s Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos And Vietnam, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000.
  • GADDIS, John Lewis; Strategies Of Containment: A Critical Appraisal Of American National Security Policy During The Cold War, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005.
  • GETCHELL, Michelle; The Cuban Missile Crisis And The Cold War: A Short History With Documents, Hackett Publising, Indianapolis, 2018.
  • HUNT, Michael; Crises in US Froeign Policy: An International History Reader, Yale University Press, London, 1996.
  • KENNEDY, Robert; Thirteen Days, Macmillan Publishers, London, 1968.
  • KHRUSHCHEV, Nikita; Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, (Translator: Strobe Talbott), Little, Brown and Company, New York, 1974.
  • LÜTHI, Lorenz; Cold Wars: Asia, The Middle East, Europe, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2015.
  • MAY, Ernest & ZELIKOW, Philip; Kennedy Tutanakları ve Türkiye Üzerine Gizli Pazarlıklar, (Çev. Mehmet Harmancı), Sabah, İstanbul, 1998.
  • PEHLİVANOĞLU, Öner; Küba Krizi ve Nükleer Savaş Eşiğinde Türkiye, Kastaş, İstanbul, 2003.
  • SCHELESINGER, Arthur Jr.; Robert Kennedy and His Time, Mariner Books, New York, 1978.
  • STERN, Sheldon; The Week The World Stood Still: Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis, Stanford University Press, California, 2005.
  • TALBOT, David; Brothers: The Hidden History Of The Kennedy Years, Free Press, Washington, 2007.
  • ÜLGEN, Sinan & PERKOVİCH, George; Turkey’s Nuclear Future, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, 2015.
  • YAVUZ, Turan; Satılık Müttefik: Gizli Belgeler Işığında 1962 Küba Füze Krizi ve Türkiye, Destek Yayınları, İstanbul, 2019.
  • ALLYN, Bruce & BLİGHT, James G. & WELCH, David; “Essence Of Revision: Moscow, Havana and the Cuban Missile Crisis”, International Security, 14(3), 1989/1990.
  • AMADOR, FRANCISCO V., “The Rio de Janeiro Treaty: Genesis, Development, and Decline of a Regional System of Collective Security”, University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, Number 1, Vol 17, Fall 1985.
  • COLMAN, Jonathan; “Toward World Support and The Ultimate Judgment of History”, Journal of Cold War Studies, 21(2), 2019.
  • CRİSS, Nur B; “Strategic Nuclear Missiles in Turkey: The Jupiter Affair, 1959-1963”, The Journal of Strategic Studies, 20(3), 1997.
  • GADDIS, John Lewis; “The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis On The Origins The Cold War”, Diplomatic History, 7(3), 1983.
  • GARCIA-AMADOR, Francisco V., “The Rio de Janeiro Treaty: Genesis, Development, and Decline of a Regional System of Collective Security”, University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, number 1, vol 17, Fall 1985.
  • HARMER, Tanya; “The Cuban Question And The Cold War In Latin America: 1959-1964”, Journal of Cold War Studies, 21(3), 2019.
  • SEVER, Ayşegül; “Yeni Bulgular Işığında 1962 Küba Krizi ve Türkiye”, AÜSBF Dergisi, 52(1), 1997.
  • WENGER, Andreas & GERBER, Marcel; “John F. Kennedy and Limited Test Ban Treaty: A Case Study Of Presidential Leadership”, Presidential Studies Quartely, 29(2), 2004.
  • Akis Mecmuası, 1962, Cilt: XXVI, Sayı: 435.
  • Millet Meclisi Tutanak Dergisi, Dönem: 1, C. 11, Toplantı: 2, Birleşim: 34, 23.01.1963.
  • Bromley K. Smith, Organizational History of the National Security Council during the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations, 1988, https://historyinpieces.com/documents/ files/2014/08/Smith-NSC-History-1988.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 20.03.2021).
  • http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/b-29.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2021).
  • https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct18/doc2.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2021).
  • https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct20/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.03.2021).
  • https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct22/doc5.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2021).
  • Kennedy’s Press Conference, 20 November 1962, https://www.jfklibrary.org/assetviewer /archives/JFKWHA/1962/JFKWHA-144/JFKWHA-144 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2021).
  • Kennedy’s Speech, 10 June 1963, https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ jfkamericanuniversityaddress.html (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2021).
  • Letter from Fidel Castro to Khrushchev, 26 October 1962, https://microsites.jfklibrary. org/cmc/oct26/doc2.html (Erişim tarihi: 24.03.2021).
  • Letter from Fidel Castro to Khrushchev, October 28, 1962; https://digitalarchive. wilsoncenter.org/document/114503 (Erişim Tarihi: 24.03.2021).
  • Letter from Khrushchev to Fidel Castro, October 28, 1962; https://digitalarchive. wilsoncenter.org/document/114504.pdf?v=45584ab0dfdce9395b29471df701c9bc (Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2021).
  • Meeting of Robert Kennedy and Dobrynin, 27 October 1962, https://microsites. jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct27/ (Erişim tarihi: 25.03.2021).
  • Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct22/doc5.html (Erişim tarihi: 20.03.2021).
  • The National Security Archives, October 14, 1962: U-2 phoghraph of a truck convoy approaching a deployment soviet MEBMs near Los Palacios at San Cristobal, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/14.jpg (Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2021).
  • The National Security Archives, October 14, 1962: U-2 phograph of MRBM site two nautical miles away from the Los Palacios deployment https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/ nsa/cuba_mis_cri/15.jpg (Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2021).
  • The National Security Archives, September 28, 1962: photograph of Soviet ship Kasimov with IL-28 fuselages in crates, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nsa/cubamiscri /13.jpg (Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2021).
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kaan Kutlu Ataç 0000-0003-3435-9073

Begüm Sezin Özcan 0000-0001-8245-0459

Publication Date September 27, 2021
Submission Date January 29, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 17 Issue: 39

Cite

Chicago Ataç, Kaan Kutlu, and Begüm Sezin Özcan. “1962 Küba Krizi: Amerikan Arşivleri Üzerinden Bir Okuma”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 17, no. 39 (September 2021): 521-62. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1001276.