Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1, 17 - 32, 29.06.2022
Öz
Traditional grocery stores (Bakkals) have the largest share among the actors that make up the grocery retail sector in Turkey. However, with foreign retailers entering the market and especially national chains gaining strength, chain stores have become an important threat to grocery stores in recent years. In the field of retail geography, traditional food retailers' resistance and coping strategies against modern chains are generally analyzed from the resilience perspective, while in this study, the competitive strategies of grocery stores are analyzed from the value chain perspective. In this regard, the aim of this study is to reveal the competitive advantages of grocery stores in Eskişehir with the value chain analysis model proposed by Porter. In line with this goal, a total of 40 in-depth interviews were conducted with grocery stores, local/regional/national/global market chains and non-firm actors in Eskişehir, and the data obtained were analyzed using qualitative methods.. According to this, the competitive strategies that grocery stores use against organized retail chains and are determined. According to the findings, the roles of grocery stores have changed with the spread of organized retail chains. Grocery retailers had to implement new strategies especially in their primary and support activities in order to create and/or increase value. However, these strategies are not sufficient for grocery stores to remain competitive and so there is need to intervention of the regulatory framework. In conclusion, the analysis of retail spaces shows that the value chain approach offers a new perspective for economic geography.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Retail Geography Traditional Grocery Retailing Value Chain Competetive and Coping Strategies Economic Geography
Kaynakça
- Altay, M. 2020. Savunma Sektöründe Değer Zinciri Analizi Algısı Ve Değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi (IJEAS), 6(1), 34-50. DOI: 10.29131/uiibd.691511
- Appel, A. 2016. Embeddedness and the (re)making of retail space in the realm of multichannel retailing: the case of migros sanal market in turkey, Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 98(1), 55–69. doi:10.1111/geob.12089
- Aygün, T. & Oeser, G. 2017. Challenges and opportunities of Turkish food retail in Germany from a value chain perspective. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 45(3), 308-327.
- Bağcı, U. E. 2018. Yerel Perakendecilerin Dayanma, Yeniden Uyarlanma ve Direnme Stratejileri: Eskişehir Örneği, (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara) https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ adresinden elde edilmiştir.
- Bakkalım A.Ş. 2017. 22. Kasım 2020 tarihinde http://bakkalimas.com/bakkal-amcayi-bizim-bakkal-kurtardi/] adresinden edinilmiştir.
- Bocutoğlu, E. & Atasoy, Y. 2001. Yükselen Süpermarket Olgusu Karşısında Bakkaliye Sektörünün Yeri ve Trabzon Örneği, Trabzon Esnaf ve Sanatkarlar Odaları Birliği (TESOB) Yayınları, 1-13
- Candemir, A. 2010. Perakendecilik sektöründe kent bakkalların rekabet gücünün analizi: İzmir örneği, Ege Akademik Bakış, 10 (1), 211-238.
- Chikweche, T. 2015. Independent retail and grocery shops in Zimbabwe: Survival and demise in a crisis and post-crisis era. Journal of Marketing Channels, 22(2), 121-136.
- Coe, N. M. 2004. The internationalisation/globalisation of retailing: Towards an economic-geographical research agenda. Environment & Planning A 36 (9): 1571–94.
- Coe, N. M., & Wrigley, N. 2007. Host economy impacts of transnational retail: The research agenda. Journal of Economic Geography 7 (4): 341–71.
- Coe, N. M., & Wrigley, N. 2018. Towards new economic geographies of retail globalization. In The new Oxford handbook of economic geography ed. G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldman, M. S. Gertler, and D. Wójcik, 427–47. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Crain, D. W. & Abraham, S. 2008. Using value-chain analysis to discover customers’ strategic needs, Strategy & Leadership, 36(4), 29-39
- D’Andrea, G. & Lopez-Aleman, B. & Stengel, A. 2006. Why small retailers endure in Latin America. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34(9), 661-673
- Dicken, P. 1986. Global shift: Industrial change in a turbulent world. London: Harpercollins.
- Erkip, F., Kızılgün, Ö., & Akinci, G. M. 2014. Retailers’ resilience strategies and their impacts on urban spaces in Turkey. Cities, 36, 112-120.
- Ersun, N. & Arslan, K. 2008. Değişen rekabet koşullarında geleneksel gıda perakendecilerinin rekabet gücünün artırılması. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 49-67
- Feldmann, V. 2002. Competitive strategy for media companies in the mobile internet. Schmalenbach Business Review, 54(4), 351-371.
- Franz, M. 2010. The role of resistance in a retail production network: protests against supermarkets in India. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 31(3), 317-329.
- Franz, M. & Appel A. & Hassler, M. 2013. Short waves of süpermarket diffusion in Turkey, Moravian Geographical Reports, 21 (4), 50-63.
- Gürün, B.A. 2010. Türkiye’de değişen tüketim mekanları ve alışveriş merkezleri, Dosya 22, Kasım 2010, 16- 30.
- Hess, M. 2004. ’Spatial’ relationships? Towards a reconceptualization of embeddedness. Progress in Human Geography, 28 (2), 165-186.
- Hess, M., & Yeung, H. W. C. 2006. Whither global production networks in economic geography? Past, present, and future. Environment and Planning A, 38, 1193-1204.
- Ikram, B., Nam, Y. & Kim, K. 2017. Analysis of policy for independent grocery stores in Morocco, Journal of International Trade & Commerce, 13(5), 181-206
- Humphrey, J. 2007. The supermarket revolution in developing countries: tidal wave or tough competitive struggle?, Journal of Economic Geography, 7, 433-450
- Kaplinsky, R. 2000. Globalisation and unequalisation: what can be learned from value chain analysis?. Journal of development studies, 37(2), 117-146.
- Klemz, B.R., Boshoff, C. and Noxolo-Eileen, M. 2006. Emerging markets in Black South African townships: small local independently owned versus large national retailers, European Journal of Marketing, 40 (5/6), 590-610.
- Kompil M. & Çelik, H. M. 2009. Türkiye’de Batı Tarzı Büyük Ölçekli Tüketim Mekanlarının Gelişimi ve Kentsel Perakende Alanlarının Yasal ve Yapısal Olarak Düzenlenmesi Gayretleri, Megaron, 4 (2), 90-100.
- Kulke, E. & Suwala L. 2016. Internationalisation of grocery retailing in the Global South: general conditions, formats and spatial expansion patterns of selected MNEs, Die Erde, 147 (3), 187-200.
- Kumar, D. & Rajeev, P. V.(2016. Value Chain: A Conceptual Framework. International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences, 7(1), 74-77
- Kuyucak, F. & Şengür, Y. 2009. Değer zinciri analizi: Havayolu işletmeleri için genel bir çerçeve, KMU İİBF Dergisi, 11(16), 132-147
- Makhitha, K. M. 2016. Challenges impacting on small independent retailers performance in Soweto, Johannesburg in South Africa, Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 13(3), 258-266
- Pathak, A. A., & Kandathil, G. 2020. Strategizing in small informal retailers in India: Home delivery as a strategic practice. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 37, 851–877
- Pıçak, M. & Bilen, A. 2009. Artan süpermarket rekabeti karşısında bakkalların ekonomik ve hukuki durumları, T.C. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (DÜSBED), 1 (2), 25-37.
- Porter, M. E. 1985. Competitive advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: The Free Press.
- Porter, M. E. 1998. Competitive advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, with a new introdution. New York: The Free Press.
- Ramakrishnan, K. 2010. The competitive response of small, independent retailers to organized retail: Study in an emerging economy. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 17(4), 251-258.
- Ray, N., Clarke, G., & Waley, P. 2020. The rise of corporate retailing and the impacts on small‐scale retailing: the survival strategies of Kirana stores and informal street vendors in Durgapur, India. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 41(2), 269-283.
- Reardon, T., Henson, S., and Berdegué, J. 2007. ‘Proactive fast-tracking’ diffusion of supermarkets in developing countries: Implications for market institutions and trade. Journal of Economic Geography 7 (4): 399–431.
- Reardon, T., Timmer, C. P., Barrett, C. B., Berdegue, J. 2003 The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 85: 1140–1146.
- Reddy, G. P., Murthy, M. R. K., & Meena, P. C. 2010. Value chains and retailing of fresh vegetables and fruits, Andhra Pradesh. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 23, 455-460.
- Rieple, A., & Singh, R. 2010. A value chain analysis of the organic cotton industry: The case of UK retailers and Indian suppliers. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2292-2302.
- Riot, E., Chamaret, C., & Rigaud, E. 2013. Murakami on the bag: Louis Vuitton's decommoditization strategy. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 41 (11/12), 919-939.
- Sangvikar, B. & Kolte A. & Pawar, A. 2019. Competitive Strategies for Unorganised Retail Business: Understanding Structure, Operations, and Profitability of Small Mom and Pop Stores in India, International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 10(3), 253-259.
- Schüßler, E., Dobusch, L., & Wessel, L. 2014. Backstage: Organizing events as proto-institutional work in the popular music industry. Schmalenbach Business Review, 66(4), 415-437.
- Simatupang, T. M. & Piboonrungroj, P. & Williams, S. J. 2017. The emergence of value chain thinking, International Journal of Value Chain Management, 8(1), 40
- Sturgeon, T. J. & Biesebroeck, J. V. 2011. Global value chains in the automotive industry: an enhanced role for developing countries?, International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, 4(1/2/3), 181-205
- Sturgeon, T. J. & Biesebroeck, J. V. & Gereffi, G. 2008. Value Chains, Networks and Clusters: Reframing the Global Automotive Industry, Journal of Economic Geography, 8(3), 297-321
- Swoboda, B., Foscht, T., & Cliquet, G. 2008. International value chain processes by retailers and wholesalers: A general approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 15(2), 63-77.
- TESK, 2018. 29 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://tesk.org.tr/view/haber/goster.php?Guid=d6c3c97e-2263-11ea-9eaf-000c29b32a85 adresinden edinilmiştir.
- Üçler, Ç. & Martin-Domingo, L. 2015. Traveler’s Idle Time and the Value Chain at Airports, Journal of Aeronautics and Space Technologies, 8(2), 25-33
- Wrigley, N. & Lowe M. 2002. Reading Retail: A geographical perspective on retailing and consumption spaces, London: Arnold., London
- Wrigley, N. 2000. The globalization of retail capital: Themes for economic geography. In The Oxford handbook of economic geography, ed. G. L. Clark, M. Feldman, and M. S. Gertler, 292–313. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Yavan, N. 2010. The location choice of foreign direct investment within Turkey: An empirical analysis, European Planning Studies, 18 (10), 1675-1705.
- Yavan, N. 2014. “Örneklem ve Örnekleme Yöntemleri”, İçinde Y. Arı ve İ. Kaya (Eds) Coğrafya Araştırma Yöntemleri, 155-174, Balıkesir: Coğrafyacılar Derneği Yayınları.
- Yükselen, C. & Oflazoğlu, S. & Apaydın, E. M. 2007. Tüketicileri alışverişte süpermarket ve bakkallara yönelten faktörler, Antakya’da iki araştırmanın sonuçları ışığında bir değerleme, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4 (7).
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1, 17 - 32, 29.06.2022
Öz
Türkiye’de gıda perakende sektörünü oluşturan aktörler arasında bakkallar sayıca en büyük paya sahiptir Ancak zincir marketler yabancı perakendecilerin pazara girmesi ve özellikle de ulusal zincirlerin güç kazanmasıyla birlikte son yıllarda bakkallar için önemli bir tehdit unsuru haline gelmiştir. Perakende coğrafyası alanında geleneksel gıda perakendecilerinin modern zincirlere karşı izlediği direnme ve baş etme stratejileri genellikle dayanıklılık (resilience) perspektifinden incelenirken, bu çalışmada bakkalların rekabet stratejileri değer zinciri perspektifinden analiz edilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmanın amacı Eskişehir ölçeğinde bakkalların rekabetçi avantajlarını Porter’ın önerdiği değer zinciri analizi modeliyle ortaya koymaktır Bu hedef doğrultusunda Eskişehir'de bakkallar, yerel/bölgesel/ulusal/küresel market zincirleri ve firma dışı aktörler ile toplam 40 derinlemesine görüşme yapılmış ve elde edilen veriler nitel yöntemlerle analiz edilmiştir. Buna göre bakkalların, organize market zincirleri karşısında kullandığı rekabetçi stratejiler saptanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre organize market zincirlerinin yaygınlaşmasıyla bakkalların rollerinde bir değişim meydana gelmiştir. Bakkallar, değer yaratmak ve/veya artırmak için esas ve destekleyici faaliyetleri başta olmak üzere faaliyetlerinde yeni stratejiler uygulamak durumunda kalmıştır. Ancak bakkalların rekabetçiliklerini koruyabilmeleri için bu stratejiler yeterli olmamakta ve bu nedenle düzenleyici çerçevenin müdahalesi gerekmektedir. Sonuç olarak perakende mekanlarının analizi değer zinciri yaklaşımın ekonomik coğrafya için yeni bir perspektif sunduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Perakende Coğrafyası Geleneksel Gıda Perakendeciliği Değer Zinciri Rekabet Stratejisi Ekonomik Coğrafya
Kaynakça
- Altay, M. 2020. Savunma Sektöründe Değer Zinciri Analizi Algısı Ve Değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi (IJEAS), 6(1), 34-50. DOI: 10.29131/uiibd.691511
- Appel, A. 2016. Embeddedness and the (re)making of retail space in the realm of multichannel retailing: the case of migros sanal market in turkey, Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 98(1), 55–69. doi:10.1111/geob.12089
- Aygün, T. & Oeser, G. 2017. Challenges and opportunities of Turkish food retail in Germany from a value chain perspective. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 45(3), 308-327.
- Bağcı, U. E. 2018. Yerel Perakendecilerin Dayanma, Yeniden Uyarlanma ve Direnme Stratejileri: Eskişehir Örneği, (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara) https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ adresinden elde edilmiştir.
- Bakkalım A.Ş. 2017. 22. Kasım 2020 tarihinde http://bakkalimas.com/bakkal-amcayi-bizim-bakkal-kurtardi/] adresinden edinilmiştir.
- Bocutoğlu, E. & Atasoy, Y. 2001. Yükselen Süpermarket Olgusu Karşısında Bakkaliye Sektörünün Yeri ve Trabzon Örneği, Trabzon Esnaf ve Sanatkarlar Odaları Birliği (TESOB) Yayınları, 1-13
- Candemir, A. 2010. Perakendecilik sektöründe kent bakkalların rekabet gücünün analizi: İzmir örneği, Ege Akademik Bakış, 10 (1), 211-238.
- Chikweche, T. 2015. Independent retail and grocery shops in Zimbabwe: Survival and demise in a crisis and post-crisis era. Journal of Marketing Channels, 22(2), 121-136.
- Coe, N. M. 2004. The internationalisation/globalisation of retailing: Towards an economic-geographical research agenda. Environment & Planning A 36 (9): 1571–94.
- Coe, N. M., & Wrigley, N. 2007. Host economy impacts of transnational retail: The research agenda. Journal of Economic Geography 7 (4): 341–71.
- Coe, N. M., & Wrigley, N. 2018. Towards new economic geographies of retail globalization. In The new Oxford handbook of economic geography ed. G. L. Clark, M. P. Feldman, M. S. Gertler, and D. Wójcik, 427–47. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Crain, D. W. & Abraham, S. 2008. Using value-chain analysis to discover customers’ strategic needs, Strategy & Leadership, 36(4), 29-39
- D’Andrea, G. & Lopez-Aleman, B. & Stengel, A. 2006. Why small retailers endure in Latin America. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34(9), 661-673
- Dicken, P. 1986. Global shift: Industrial change in a turbulent world. London: Harpercollins.
- Erkip, F., Kızılgün, Ö., & Akinci, G. M. 2014. Retailers’ resilience strategies and their impacts on urban spaces in Turkey. Cities, 36, 112-120.
- Ersun, N. & Arslan, K. 2008. Değişen rekabet koşullarında geleneksel gıda perakendecilerinin rekabet gücünün artırılması. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 49-67
- Feldmann, V. 2002. Competitive strategy for media companies in the mobile internet. Schmalenbach Business Review, 54(4), 351-371.
- Franz, M. 2010. The role of resistance in a retail production network: protests against supermarkets in India. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 31(3), 317-329.
- Franz, M. & Appel A. & Hassler, M. 2013. Short waves of süpermarket diffusion in Turkey, Moravian Geographical Reports, 21 (4), 50-63.
- Gürün, B.A. 2010. Türkiye’de değişen tüketim mekanları ve alışveriş merkezleri, Dosya 22, Kasım 2010, 16- 30.
- Hess, M. 2004. ’Spatial’ relationships? Towards a reconceptualization of embeddedness. Progress in Human Geography, 28 (2), 165-186.
- Hess, M., & Yeung, H. W. C. 2006. Whither global production networks in economic geography? Past, present, and future. Environment and Planning A, 38, 1193-1204.
- Ikram, B., Nam, Y. & Kim, K. 2017. Analysis of policy for independent grocery stores in Morocco, Journal of International Trade & Commerce, 13(5), 181-206
- Humphrey, J. 2007. The supermarket revolution in developing countries: tidal wave or tough competitive struggle?, Journal of Economic Geography, 7, 433-450
- Kaplinsky, R. 2000. Globalisation and unequalisation: what can be learned from value chain analysis?. Journal of development studies, 37(2), 117-146.
- Klemz, B.R., Boshoff, C. and Noxolo-Eileen, M. 2006. Emerging markets in Black South African townships: small local independently owned versus large national retailers, European Journal of Marketing, 40 (5/6), 590-610.
- Kompil M. & Çelik, H. M. 2009. Türkiye’de Batı Tarzı Büyük Ölçekli Tüketim Mekanlarının Gelişimi ve Kentsel Perakende Alanlarının Yasal ve Yapısal Olarak Düzenlenmesi Gayretleri, Megaron, 4 (2), 90-100.
- Kulke, E. & Suwala L. 2016. Internationalisation of grocery retailing in the Global South: general conditions, formats and spatial expansion patterns of selected MNEs, Die Erde, 147 (3), 187-200.
- Kumar, D. & Rajeev, P. V.(2016. Value Chain: A Conceptual Framework. International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences, 7(1), 74-77
- Kuyucak, F. & Şengür, Y. 2009. Değer zinciri analizi: Havayolu işletmeleri için genel bir çerçeve, KMU İİBF Dergisi, 11(16), 132-147
- Makhitha, K. M. 2016. Challenges impacting on small independent retailers performance in Soweto, Johannesburg in South Africa, Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 13(3), 258-266
- Pathak, A. A., & Kandathil, G. 2020. Strategizing in small informal retailers in India: Home delivery as a strategic practice. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 37, 851–877
- Pıçak, M. & Bilen, A. 2009. Artan süpermarket rekabeti karşısında bakkalların ekonomik ve hukuki durumları, T.C. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (DÜSBED), 1 (2), 25-37.
- Porter, M. E. 1985. Competitive advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: The Free Press.
- Porter, M. E. 1998. Competitive advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, with a new introdution. New York: The Free Press.
- Ramakrishnan, K. 2010. The competitive response of small, independent retailers to organized retail: Study in an emerging economy. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 17(4), 251-258.
- Ray, N., Clarke, G., & Waley, P. 2020. The rise of corporate retailing and the impacts on small‐scale retailing: the survival strategies of Kirana stores and informal street vendors in Durgapur, India. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 41(2), 269-283.
- Reardon, T., Henson, S., and Berdegué, J. 2007. ‘Proactive fast-tracking’ diffusion of supermarkets in developing countries: Implications for market institutions and trade. Journal of Economic Geography 7 (4): 399–431.
- Reardon, T., Timmer, C. P., Barrett, C. B., Berdegue, J. 2003 The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 85: 1140–1146.
- Reddy, G. P., Murthy, M. R. K., & Meena, P. C. 2010. Value chains and retailing of fresh vegetables and fruits, Andhra Pradesh. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 23, 455-460.
- Rieple, A., & Singh, R. 2010. A value chain analysis of the organic cotton industry: The case of UK retailers and Indian suppliers. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2292-2302.
- Riot, E., Chamaret, C., & Rigaud, E. 2013. Murakami on the bag: Louis Vuitton's decommoditization strategy. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 41 (11/12), 919-939.
- Sangvikar, B. & Kolte A. & Pawar, A. 2019. Competitive Strategies for Unorganised Retail Business: Understanding Structure, Operations, and Profitability of Small Mom and Pop Stores in India, International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 10(3), 253-259.
- Schüßler, E., Dobusch, L., & Wessel, L. 2014. Backstage: Organizing events as proto-institutional work in the popular music industry. Schmalenbach Business Review, 66(4), 415-437.
- Simatupang, T. M. & Piboonrungroj, P. & Williams, S. J. 2017. The emergence of value chain thinking, International Journal of Value Chain Management, 8(1), 40
- Sturgeon, T. J. & Biesebroeck, J. V. 2011. Global value chains in the automotive industry: an enhanced role for developing countries?, International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, 4(1/2/3), 181-205
- Sturgeon, T. J. & Biesebroeck, J. V. & Gereffi, G. 2008. Value Chains, Networks and Clusters: Reframing the Global Automotive Industry, Journal of Economic Geography, 8(3), 297-321
- Swoboda, B., Foscht, T., & Cliquet, G. 2008. International value chain processes by retailers and wholesalers: A general approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 15(2), 63-77.
- TESK, 2018. 29 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://tesk.org.tr/view/haber/goster.php?Guid=d6c3c97e-2263-11ea-9eaf-000c29b32a85 adresinden edinilmiştir.
- Üçler, Ç. & Martin-Domingo, L. 2015. Traveler’s Idle Time and the Value Chain at Airports, Journal of Aeronautics and Space Technologies, 8(2), 25-33
- Wrigley, N. & Lowe M. 2002. Reading Retail: A geographical perspective on retailing and consumption spaces, London: Arnold., London
- Wrigley, N. 2000. The globalization of retail capital: Themes for economic geography. In The Oxford handbook of economic geography, ed. G. L. Clark, M. Feldman, and M. S. Gertler, 292–313. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Yavan, N. 2010. The location choice of foreign direct investment within Turkey: An empirical analysis, European Planning Studies, 18 (10), 1675-1705.
- Yavan, N. 2014. “Örneklem ve Örnekleme Yöntemleri”, İçinde Y. Arı ve İ. Kaya (Eds) Coğrafya Araştırma Yöntemleri, 155-174, Balıkesir: Coğrafyacılar Derneği Yayınları.
- Yükselen, C. & Oflazoğlu, S. & Apaydın, E. M. 2007. Tüketicileri alışverişte süpermarket ve bakkallara yönelten faktörler, Antakya’da iki araştırmanın sonuçları ışığında bir değerleme, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4 (7).
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Beşeri Coğrafya |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 29 Haziran 2022 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Haziran 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 25 Ekim 2021 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 4 Şubat 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1 |
