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Harmful Element Content Of The Ankara Stream Bed Sedıments

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 208 - 220, 31.07.2017

Öz

The study aimed to interpret the abundance and
provenance of harmful elements in the bed sediments of the Ankara Stream. Average
Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, As, Co and Cd values in the Ankara
Stream sediments are calculated as 111, 65.7, 32, 17.6, 16.4, 16.1 and 0.2 ppm,
respectively.
The Al/Si ratio of the examined samples exhibit a
positive correlation with
Cu, Pb, Ni and Co, and
TOC content
of the examined samples shows a positive correlation with Cu, Pb ve Zn. The EF and Igeo values indicated that the
sediments were significantly polluted by As and Ni and generally moderately
polluted by Co, Zn, and Cu, and locally moderately polluted by Pb and Cd. Pb
anthropogenic contribution was estimated at an average of >100% in the
sediments.
Therefore, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Co elements are generally
geologically sourced and there is locally an anthropogenic contribution.
Cadmium is mostly anthropogenic but partly a geological contribution, but it is
thought that Ni and As are completely anthropogenic sourced.

Kaynakça

  • Aiman, U., Mahmood, A., Waheed, S. ve Malik, R.N. 2016. Enrichment, geoaccumulation and risk surveillance of toxic metals for different environmental compartments from Mehmood Booti dumping site, Lahorecity, Pakistan. Chemosphere 144 2229–2237.
  • Akyürek, B., Duru, M., Sütçü, Y.F., Papak, İ., Şaroğlu, F., Pehlivan, N., Gönenç, O., Granit, S. Ve Yaşar, T. 1997. 1/100 000 Ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Ankara-İ29 Paftası Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi Ankara, 55.
  • Álvarez-Iglesias, Rubio, B. ve Millos, J. 2012. Isotopic identification of natural vs. anthropogenic lead sources in marine sediments from the inner Ría de Vigo (NW Spain). Sci. Total Environ., 437, 22-35.
  • Bilgin, Z.B., Oğuz, F., Sevin, M., Parlak O., Erdem, Y., Özden ve U.A. 2009. 1/100 000 Ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Ankara-İ28 Paftası. Ankara: Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, 11215.
  • Chen, C.W., Kao, C.M., Chen, C.F. ve Dong, C.D. 2007. Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere 66 (8), 1431–1440.
  • Chester, R. ve Stoner, J. H. 1973. “Pb in particulates from the lower atmosphere of the eastern Atlantic”, Nature, 245, 27-28.
  • Chow, T.J., Snyder, C.B. ve Earl, J.L. 1975. Isotope ratios of lead as pollutant source indicators. IAEA-SM, Vienna.
  • Da Silva, I.S., Abate, G., Lisghtig J. ve Masini, J.C. 2002. Harmful element distribution in recent sediments of the Tiete-Pinheiros river system in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Apple. Geochem., 17, 105-116.
  • Das, A. ve Krishnaswami, S. 2007. Elemental geochemistry of river sediments from the Deccan Traps, India: Implications to sources of elements and their mobility during basalts-water interaction. Chemical Geology, 242, 232-254.
  • Demirak, A., Yılmaz, F., Levent Tuna, A. ve Ozdemir, N. 2006. Harmful elements in water, sediment and tissues of Leuciscus cephalus from stream in southwestern Turkey. Chemosphere 63(9), 1451-1458.
  • Demirkol Kılıç, E. 2015. Çoruh Nehri (Bayburt) Dere Yatağı Çökellerinin Jeokimyasal Özellikleri ve Ağır Metal İçeriğinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gümüşhane.
  • Elbaz-Poulichet, F., Holliger, P., Martin, J.M. ve Petit, D. 1986. Stable lead isotope ratios in major French rivers and estuaries. Sci. Total Environ., 54, 61-76.
  • Feng, H., Han, X., Zhang, W. ve Yu, L. 2004. A preliminary study of heavy metal contamination in Yangtze River intertidal zone due to urbanization. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49 (11),910-915
  • Ghrefat, H.A., Abu-Rukah, Y., Rosen, M.A., 2011. Applicationof geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Kafrain Dam, Jordan. Environ. Mont. Assess., 178 (1-4), 95-109.
  • Garrels, R. M. ve Mackenzie, F. 1971. Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks. New York: W.W.Norton.
  • Gümüş, M.K. 2016. Ankara Çayı’na Ait Eski Alüvyonlarının Jeokimyasal ve İzotopik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gümüşhane.
  • Hanif N., Eqani, S.A.M.A.S., Ali A.M., Cincinelli, A., Ali, N., Katsoyyiannis, I,A., Tanveer, Z.I. ve Bokhari, H. 2016. Geo-accumulation and enrichment of trace metals in sediments and their associated risks in the Chenab River, Pakistan. J. Geochem. Explor., 165, 62-70
  • Iqbal, J. ve Shah, M.H. 2014. Occurrences, risk assessment, and source apportionment of harmful elements in surface sediments from Khanpur Lake, Pakistan. J. Anal. Sci. Technol. 5 (1), 1-12.
  • Kalender, L. ve Uçar, S.Ç. 2013. Assesment of metal contamination in sediments in the tributaries of the Euphrates River, using pollution indices and determination of the pollution source, Turkey. J. Geochem. Explor., 134, 73-84.
  • Lin, J.G., Chen, S.Y. 1997. The Relationship Between Adsorbtion of Heavy Metal and Organic Matter in River Sediments. Environment International, 24, 345-352.
  • Liu, W.X., Li X.D., Shen, Z.G., Wang, D.C., Wai, O.W.H. ve Li, Y.S. 2003. Multivariate statistical study of heavy metal enrichment in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Environ Pollut, 121, 377-388.
  • Millot, R., Allègre, C-J. ve Gaillrdet, J. 2004. Lead isotopic systematic of major river sediments: a new estimate of the Pb isotopic composition of the Upper Continental Crust. Chem. Geol., 203, 75-90.
  • Monna, F., Lancelot, J., Croudace I.W., Cunday, A.B. ve Lewis, J.T. 1997. Pb isotopic composition of airborne particulate material from France and southern United Kingdom: implication for Pb pollution sources in urban areas. Environ Sci Technol, 31, 2277-2286.
  • Muller, G. 1969. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geo. J,. 2 (3), 108-118.
  • Nesbitt, H.W. ve Wilson, R.E. 1992. Recent chemical weathering of basalts. Am. J. Sci., 292, 740-777.
  • N’guessan, Y.M., Probst, J.L., Bur, T. ve Probst, A. 2009. Trace elements in stream bed sediments from agricultural catchments (Gascogne region, S-W France): Where do they come from?. Science Of The Total Environment, 407, 2939-2952.
  • Oskierski, H.C., Sindern, S., Lima, R.F.S. ve Petta, R.A. 2009. Geogenic and anthropogenic lead isotope signatures in the urban environment of Natal (NE-Brazil). Environ. Geol., 58, 1811-1817.
  • Owens, P.N., Batalla, R.J., Collins, A J., Gomez, B., Hicks, D. M. ve Horrowitz, A. J. 2005. Fine-grained sediment in river systems: environmental significance and management issues. River Res. Appl., 21, 693-717.
  • Özkan, Ö. 2016. Ankara Çayı Dere Yatağı Çökellerinin Jeokimyasal, İzotopik Özellikleri ve Ağır Metal İçeriği, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gümüşhane.
  • Park, J. ve Presley, B.J. 1997. Trace metal contamination of sediments and organisms from the Swan Lake area of Galveston Bay. Environ. Pollut., 98, (2), 209-221.
  • Roussiez V., Ludwig, W., Probst, J.L. ve Monaco, A. 2005. Background levels of harmful elements in surficial sediments of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean): an approach based on 133Cs normalization and lead isotope measurements. Environ. Pollut., 138, 167-177.
  • Sultan, K. ve Shazili, N.A. 2010. Geochemical baselines of major and trace elements in the tropical sediments of the Terengganu River basins, Malaysia. Internatiınal Journal of Sediment Research, 25, 340-354.
  • Sutherland, A.A. 2000. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environ. Geol., 39, 611-627.
  • Taylor, S.R. ve McLennan, S.M. 1985.The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishing.
  • Turekian, K.K. ve Wedepohl, K.H. 1961. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 72 (2), 175-192.
  • Varol, M. 2011. Assesment of harmful element contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. J. Hazard. Mater. 195, 355-364.
  • Vèron, A., Flament P., Bertho, M.L., Alleman, L., Flegal, R. ve Hamelin, B. 1999. Isotopic evidence of pollutant lead sources in Northwestern France. Atmos. Environ. 33, 3377-3388.
  • Xio, R., Bai, J., Huang, L., Zhang, H., Cui, B. ve Liu, X. 2013. Distribution and pollution, toxicity and risk assessment of harmful elements in sediments from urban and rural rivers of the Pearl River delta in southern China. Ecotoxicology, 22 (10), 1564-1575.
  • Zhang, J. ve Liu, C.L. 2002. Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China—weathering features, anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 54 (6), 1051–1070.

Ankara Çayı Dere Yatağı Sedimanlarının Zararlı Element İçeriği

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 208 - 220, 31.07.2017

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı,
Ankara Çayı dere yatağı sedimanlarının içermiş olduğu zararlı elementlerin
bolluğunu ve kaynağını yorumlamaktır.
Ankara Çayı dere yatağı sedimanlarının
ortalama Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, As, Co ve Cd değerleri sırasıyla 111, 65.7, 32, 17.6,
16.4, 16.1 ve 0.2 ppm olarak hesaplanmıştır. İncelenen örneklerin Al/Si oranı
ile Cu, Pb, Ni ve Co arasında ve TOK içeriği ile Cu, Pb ve Zn arasında pozitif
ilişki gözlenmektedir. Zararlı elementlerin ZF ve Ijeo değerlerine göre söz
konusu sedimanlar As ve Ni bakımından önemli, Co, Zn, ve Cu bakımından genel
olarak orta, Pb ve Cd bakımından lokal olarak orta derecede kirlenmiştir. Sedimanlardaki
ortalama antropojenik (insan kaynaklı) Pb (%) değeri >100% olarak tespit
edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla Pb, Cu, Zn, ve Co elementleri genel olarak jeolojik
kaynaklı olmakla beraber yer yer antropojenik katkı söz konusudur. Cd çoğunlukla
insan kaynaklı olmakla beraber kısmen jeolojik katkı görülmektedir, ancak Ni ve
As’nin tamamen insan kaynaklı olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aiman, U., Mahmood, A., Waheed, S. ve Malik, R.N. 2016. Enrichment, geoaccumulation and risk surveillance of toxic metals for different environmental compartments from Mehmood Booti dumping site, Lahorecity, Pakistan. Chemosphere 144 2229–2237.
  • Akyürek, B., Duru, M., Sütçü, Y.F., Papak, İ., Şaroğlu, F., Pehlivan, N., Gönenç, O., Granit, S. Ve Yaşar, T. 1997. 1/100 000 Ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Ankara-İ29 Paftası Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi Ankara, 55.
  • Álvarez-Iglesias, Rubio, B. ve Millos, J. 2012. Isotopic identification of natural vs. anthropogenic lead sources in marine sediments from the inner Ría de Vigo (NW Spain). Sci. Total Environ., 437, 22-35.
  • Bilgin, Z.B., Oğuz, F., Sevin, M., Parlak O., Erdem, Y., Özden ve U.A. 2009. 1/100 000 Ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Ankara-İ28 Paftası. Ankara: Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, 11215.
  • Chen, C.W., Kao, C.M., Chen, C.F. ve Dong, C.D. 2007. Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere 66 (8), 1431–1440.
  • Chester, R. ve Stoner, J. H. 1973. “Pb in particulates from the lower atmosphere of the eastern Atlantic”, Nature, 245, 27-28.
  • Chow, T.J., Snyder, C.B. ve Earl, J.L. 1975. Isotope ratios of lead as pollutant source indicators. IAEA-SM, Vienna.
  • Da Silva, I.S., Abate, G., Lisghtig J. ve Masini, J.C. 2002. Harmful element distribution in recent sediments of the Tiete-Pinheiros river system in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Apple. Geochem., 17, 105-116.
  • Das, A. ve Krishnaswami, S. 2007. Elemental geochemistry of river sediments from the Deccan Traps, India: Implications to sources of elements and their mobility during basalts-water interaction. Chemical Geology, 242, 232-254.
  • Demirak, A., Yılmaz, F., Levent Tuna, A. ve Ozdemir, N. 2006. Harmful elements in water, sediment and tissues of Leuciscus cephalus from stream in southwestern Turkey. Chemosphere 63(9), 1451-1458.
  • Demirkol Kılıç, E. 2015. Çoruh Nehri (Bayburt) Dere Yatağı Çökellerinin Jeokimyasal Özellikleri ve Ağır Metal İçeriğinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gümüşhane.
  • Elbaz-Poulichet, F., Holliger, P., Martin, J.M. ve Petit, D. 1986. Stable lead isotope ratios in major French rivers and estuaries. Sci. Total Environ., 54, 61-76.
  • Feng, H., Han, X., Zhang, W. ve Yu, L. 2004. A preliminary study of heavy metal contamination in Yangtze River intertidal zone due to urbanization. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49 (11),910-915
  • Ghrefat, H.A., Abu-Rukah, Y., Rosen, M.A., 2011. Applicationof geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Kafrain Dam, Jordan. Environ. Mont. Assess., 178 (1-4), 95-109.
  • Garrels, R. M. ve Mackenzie, F. 1971. Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks. New York: W.W.Norton.
  • Gümüş, M.K. 2016. Ankara Çayı’na Ait Eski Alüvyonlarının Jeokimyasal ve İzotopik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gümüşhane.
  • Hanif N., Eqani, S.A.M.A.S., Ali A.M., Cincinelli, A., Ali, N., Katsoyyiannis, I,A., Tanveer, Z.I. ve Bokhari, H. 2016. Geo-accumulation and enrichment of trace metals in sediments and their associated risks in the Chenab River, Pakistan. J. Geochem. Explor., 165, 62-70
  • Iqbal, J. ve Shah, M.H. 2014. Occurrences, risk assessment, and source apportionment of harmful elements in surface sediments from Khanpur Lake, Pakistan. J. Anal. Sci. Technol. 5 (1), 1-12.
  • Kalender, L. ve Uçar, S.Ç. 2013. Assesment of metal contamination in sediments in the tributaries of the Euphrates River, using pollution indices and determination of the pollution source, Turkey. J. Geochem. Explor., 134, 73-84.
  • Lin, J.G., Chen, S.Y. 1997. The Relationship Between Adsorbtion of Heavy Metal and Organic Matter in River Sediments. Environment International, 24, 345-352.
  • Liu, W.X., Li X.D., Shen, Z.G., Wang, D.C., Wai, O.W.H. ve Li, Y.S. 2003. Multivariate statistical study of heavy metal enrichment in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Environ Pollut, 121, 377-388.
  • Millot, R., Allègre, C-J. ve Gaillrdet, J. 2004. Lead isotopic systematic of major river sediments: a new estimate of the Pb isotopic composition of the Upper Continental Crust. Chem. Geol., 203, 75-90.
  • Monna, F., Lancelot, J., Croudace I.W., Cunday, A.B. ve Lewis, J.T. 1997. Pb isotopic composition of airborne particulate material from France and southern United Kingdom: implication for Pb pollution sources in urban areas. Environ Sci Technol, 31, 2277-2286.
  • Muller, G. 1969. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geo. J,. 2 (3), 108-118.
  • Nesbitt, H.W. ve Wilson, R.E. 1992. Recent chemical weathering of basalts. Am. J. Sci., 292, 740-777.
  • N’guessan, Y.M., Probst, J.L., Bur, T. ve Probst, A. 2009. Trace elements in stream bed sediments from agricultural catchments (Gascogne region, S-W France): Where do they come from?. Science Of The Total Environment, 407, 2939-2952.
  • Oskierski, H.C., Sindern, S., Lima, R.F.S. ve Petta, R.A. 2009. Geogenic and anthropogenic lead isotope signatures in the urban environment of Natal (NE-Brazil). Environ. Geol., 58, 1811-1817.
  • Owens, P.N., Batalla, R.J., Collins, A J., Gomez, B., Hicks, D. M. ve Horrowitz, A. J. 2005. Fine-grained sediment in river systems: environmental significance and management issues. River Res. Appl., 21, 693-717.
  • Özkan, Ö. 2016. Ankara Çayı Dere Yatağı Çökellerinin Jeokimyasal, İzotopik Özellikleri ve Ağır Metal İçeriği, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gümüşhane.
  • Park, J. ve Presley, B.J. 1997. Trace metal contamination of sediments and organisms from the Swan Lake area of Galveston Bay. Environ. Pollut., 98, (2), 209-221.
  • Roussiez V., Ludwig, W., Probst, J.L. ve Monaco, A. 2005. Background levels of harmful elements in surficial sediments of the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean): an approach based on 133Cs normalization and lead isotope measurements. Environ. Pollut., 138, 167-177.
  • Sultan, K. ve Shazili, N.A. 2010. Geochemical baselines of major and trace elements in the tropical sediments of the Terengganu River basins, Malaysia. Internatiınal Journal of Sediment Research, 25, 340-354.
  • Sutherland, A.A. 2000. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environ. Geol., 39, 611-627.
  • Taylor, S.R. ve McLennan, S.M. 1985.The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishing.
  • Turekian, K.K. ve Wedepohl, K.H. 1961. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 72 (2), 175-192.
  • Varol, M. 2011. Assesment of harmful element contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. J. Hazard. Mater. 195, 355-364.
  • Vèron, A., Flament P., Bertho, M.L., Alleman, L., Flegal, R. ve Hamelin, B. 1999. Isotopic evidence of pollutant lead sources in Northwestern France. Atmos. Environ. 33, 3377-3388.
  • Xio, R., Bai, J., Huang, L., Zhang, H., Cui, B. ve Liu, X. 2013. Distribution and pollution, toxicity and risk assessment of harmful elements in sediments from urban and rural rivers of the Pearl River delta in southern China. Ecotoxicology, 22 (10), 1564-1575.
  • Zhang, J. ve Liu, C.L. 2002. Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China—weathering features, anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 54 (6), 1051–1070.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Çiğdem Saydam Eker

Özay Özkan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ocak 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Saydam Eker, Ç., & Özkan, Ö. (2017). Ankara Çayı Dere Yatağı Sedimanlarının Zararlı Element İçeriği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 208-220.