Araştırma Makalesi
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Analysis of local and global café chains as consumer spaces in terms of third place criteria

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 49, 133 - 157, 03.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1295563

Öz

In economic geography, the subject of consumption, which was considered as the final stage of the value chain until the 1990s, has gained significant influence today, both within the discipline and in explaining the socio-economic structure. Thus, the geographies of consumption have transformed into a new approach and way of life, where various identities and discourses produce meaning and conflict, and where space and social relations are reproduced and designed. In this context, one of the most important concepts enabling the analysis of consumer spaces is the "third place". The third place corresponds to micro-spaces such as coffee houses, bars, cafes, hairdressers, bookstores, etc., where people interact with each other, which can be referred to as the place of both leisure and consumption action and socialization, excluding home and workplace. In this context, the purpose of this study is to comparatively analyze the status of Starbucks and Simit Sarayı as a third place, both as a commercial consumption space and as a local and global cafe chain. In the study, where the qualitative research method is used, field observations and in-depth interviews were conducted with 26 consumers and 8 managers, and the aforementioned qualitative data were analyzed in the Maxqda program. Findings indicate that Starbucks and Simit Sarayi meet the criteria of being a third place, but it should be defined not as a traditional third place in the Oldenburg sense, but as a contemporary commercial third place of the new generation. Consequently, this study, on the one hand, provides insight on how the meta-theoretical concept of place in geography can be operationalized with the conceptualization of the third place, and on the other hand, contributes to the literature of economic geography by revealing the meaning, practice, and dimension of the relationship between consumers and places based on this relationship in consumer spaces.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, B. (2019). Commercial, social and experiental convergence: Fashion’s third place. Journal of Services Marketing, 33(3), 257-272. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-04-2018-0116
  • Amin, A. & Thrift, N. (2000). What kind of economic theory for what kind of economic geography. Antipode, 32(1), 4-9. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-8330.00117
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  • Bookman, S. (2014). Brands and urban life: Specialty coffee, consumers, and the cocreation of urban cafe sociality. Space and Culture, 17 (1), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331213493853
  • Broadway, M., Legg, R. ve Broadway, J. (2018). Coffeehouses and the art of social engagement: an analysis of portland coffeehouses. Geographical Review, 108(3),433-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/gere.12253
  • Brodway, M. J. ve Engelhardt, O. (2021). Designing places to be alone or together: A look at independently owned Minneapolis coffeehouses. Space and Culture, 24(2), 310-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331218820244
  • Bromley, R.D.F. ve Thomas, C. J. (2003). Retail change and the issues. R. D. F. Bromley ve C. J. Thomas (Eds). Retail Change ‘Contemporary Issues’ içinde (s.2-14). Taylor&Francis.
  • Campbell, N. M. (2014). Designing retirement community third places: Attributes impacting how well social spaces are liked and used. Journal of Interior Design, 39 (4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/joid.12035
  • Cheang, M. (2002). Older adults’ frequent visits to a fast-food restaurant: Nonobligatory social interaction and the significance of play in a ‘‘third place’’. Journal of Aging Studies, 16, 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(02)00052-X
  • Classen, S., Lopez, E. D., Winter, S., Awadzi, K. D., Ferree, N. ve Garvan, C. W. (2007). Population-based health promotion perspective for older driver safety: Conceptual framework to intervention plan. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2(4), 677-693.
  • Cook, I. ve Crang, P. (1996). The world on a plate: Culinary culture, displacement and geographical knowledges. Journal of Material Culture, 1(2), 131-153. https://doi.org/10.1177/135918359600100201
  • Crang, P. (1997). Cultural turns and the (re) constitution of economic geography. R. Lee ve J. Will (Eds). Geographies of Economies içinde (s.3-15). Routledge.
  • Crang, P. and Cook, I. (2012). Consumption and its geographies. P. Daniels, M. Bradshaw, D. Shaw ve J. Sidaway (Eds.). Introduction to Human Geography içinde (4. baskı, s.377-394). Pearson Education.
  • Crewe, L. ve Lowe, M. (1996). United colours? Globalization and localization tendencies in fashion retailing. N. Wrigley ve M. Lowe (Eds.). Retailing, Consumption and Capital ‘Towards The New Retailing Geography içinde, (s.271-283). Longman.
  • Crewe, L. (2011). Geographies of retailing and consumption: The shopping list compendium. A. Leyshon, R. Lee, L. Mcdowell ve P. Sunley (Eds.). The Sage of Handbook of Economic Geography içinde (s. 305-320). Sage.
  • Crick, A. P. (2011a). Rethinking Oldenburg: Third places and generation Y in a developing country context. International CHRIE Conference-Refereed Track 7 içinde, (s.1-22). https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1655&context=refereed adresinden 14 Şubat 2019 tarihinde alındı.
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  • Goss, J. (1999). Once upon a time in the commodity world: An unofficial guide to mall of America. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 89(1), 45-75.
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  • Hall, M. (2011). Anchoring and exposing in the third place: Regular identification at the boundaries of social realms. M/C Journal, 14(5), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.422
  • Hawkins, C. J. ve Ryan, L. J. (2013). Festival spaces as third places. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(3), 192-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-02-2013-0002
  • Hickman, P. (2013). ‘‘Third places’’ and social interaction in deprived neighbourhoods in Great Britain. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment.,28, 221–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10901-012-9306-5
  • Jackson, P. (2002). Consumption in a globalzing world. R.J. Johnston, P.J. Taylor ve M.J. Watts (Eds.), Geographies of Global Change Remapping The World içinde, (s.283-295, 2.baskı). Wiley-Blackwell.
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Tüketim mekânları olarak yerel ve küresel kafe zincirlerinin üçüncü yer kriterleri bakımından analizi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 49, 133 - 157, 03.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1295563

Öz

Ekonomik coğrafyada 1990’lı yıllara kadar değer zincirinin son aşaması olarak ele alınan tüketim konusu, günümüzde hem disiplin içinde hem de toplumsal-ekonomik yapıyı açıklamada önemli bir güce sahip olmuştur. Böylece tüketimin coğrafyaları çeşitli kimliklerin ve söylemlerin anlam ürettiği ve çatıştığı, mekânın ve toplumsal ilişkilerin yeniden üretilip tasarlandığı yeni bir ele alış ve yaşam biçimine dönüşmüştür. Bu bağlamda tüketim mekânlarının analiz edilmesini sağlayan en önemli kavramlardan biri “üçüncü yer”dir. Üçüncü yer, ev ve işyeri dışında kalan hem boş zamanın hem de tüketim eyleminin ve sosyalleşmenin mekânı olarak adlandırabileceğimiz insanların birbiriyle etkileşime girdiği kahve evleri, barlar, kafeler, kuaförler, kitabevleri vb. mikro mekânlara karşılık gelmektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmanın amacı hem bir ticari tüketim mekânı hem de bir yerel ve küresel kafe zinciri olan Starbucks ve Simit Sarayı’nın üçüncü yer olma durumunu karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektir. Nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılan çalışmada 26 tüketici ve 8 yönetici ile derinlemesine görüşmeler ve saha gözlemleri yapılmış ve sözkonusu nitel veriler Maxqda programında analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, Starbucks ve Simit Sarayı’nın üçüncü yer olma kriterlerini taşıdığını göstermekle birlikte, her iki tüketim mekânın Oldenburgcu anlamda bir geleneksel üçüncü yer değil, yeni nesil çağdaş bir ticari üçüncü yer olarak tanımlanması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, bir yandan üçüncü yer kavramsallaştırmasıyla coğrafyadaki meta-teorik yer kavramının nasıl işlemselleştirilebileceğine dair açılım sağlarken, öbür yandan tüketim mekânlarında tüketicilerin-yer ilişkisi temelinde bu ilişkinin anlamını, pratiğini ve boyutunu ortaya koyarak ekonomik coğrafya literatürüne katkı sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, B. (2019). Commercial, social and experiental convergence: Fashion’s third place. Journal of Services Marketing, 33(3), 257-272. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-04-2018-0116
  • Amin, A. & Thrift, N. (2000). What kind of economic theory for what kind of economic geography. Antipode, 32(1), 4-9. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-8330.00117
  • Barnes, T. (2009). Neo-classical economics. D.Gregory; R. Johnston; G. Pratt; M. J. Watts; S. Whatmore (Eds). The Dictionary of Human Geography içinde (5.baskı, s.495-496,). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Barnett, C. (2009). Cultural turn. D. Gregory; R. Johnston; G. Pratt; M. J. Watts; S. Whatmore (Eds). The Dictionary of Human Geography içinde (5.baskı, s.134-135). Wiley-Blackwell
  • Blomley, N. (2009). Retailing. D. Gregory; R. Johnston; G. Pratt; M. J. Watts; S. Whatmore (Eds). The Dictionary of Human Geography içinde (5.Baskı, s.653-654). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Bookman, S. (2014). Brands and urban life: Specialty coffee, consumers, and the cocreation of urban cafe sociality. Space and Culture, 17 (1), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331213493853
  • Broadway, M., Legg, R. ve Broadway, J. (2018). Coffeehouses and the art of social engagement: an analysis of portland coffeehouses. Geographical Review, 108(3),433-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/gere.12253
  • Brodway, M. J. ve Engelhardt, O. (2021). Designing places to be alone or together: A look at independently owned Minneapolis coffeehouses. Space and Culture, 24(2), 310-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331218820244
  • Bromley, R.D.F. ve Thomas, C. J. (2003). Retail change and the issues. R. D. F. Bromley ve C. J. Thomas (Eds). Retail Change ‘Contemporary Issues’ içinde (s.2-14). Taylor&Francis.
  • Campbell, N. M. (2014). Designing retirement community third places: Attributes impacting how well social spaces are liked and used. Journal of Interior Design, 39 (4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/joid.12035
  • Cheang, M. (2002). Older adults’ frequent visits to a fast-food restaurant: Nonobligatory social interaction and the significance of play in a ‘‘third place’’. Journal of Aging Studies, 16, 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-4065(02)00052-X
  • Classen, S., Lopez, E. D., Winter, S., Awadzi, K. D., Ferree, N. ve Garvan, C. W. (2007). Population-based health promotion perspective for older driver safety: Conceptual framework to intervention plan. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2(4), 677-693.
  • Cook, I. ve Crang, P. (1996). The world on a plate: Culinary culture, displacement and geographical knowledges. Journal of Material Culture, 1(2), 131-153. https://doi.org/10.1177/135918359600100201
  • Crang, P. (1997). Cultural turns and the (re) constitution of economic geography. R. Lee ve J. Will (Eds). Geographies of Economies içinde (s.3-15). Routledge.
  • Crang, P. and Cook, I. (2012). Consumption and its geographies. P. Daniels, M. Bradshaw, D. Shaw ve J. Sidaway (Eds.). Introduction to Human Geography içinde (4. baskı, s.377-394). Pearson Education.
  • Crewe, L. ve Lowe, M. (1996). United colours? Globalization and localization tendencies in fashion retailing. N. Wrigley ve M. Lowe (Eds.). Retailing, Consumption and Capital ‘Towards The New Retailing Geography içinde, (s.271-283). Longman.
  • Crewe, L. (2011). Geographies of retailing and consumption: The shopping list compendium. A. Leyshon, R. Lee, L. Mcdowell ve P. Sunley (Eds.). The Sage of Handbook of Economic Geography içinde (s. 305-320). Sage.
  • Crick, A. P. (2011a). Rethinking Oldenburg: Third places and generation Y in a developing country context. International CHRIE Conference-Refereed Track 7 içinde, (s.1-22). https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1655&context=refereed adresinden 14 Şubat 2019 tarihinde alındı.
  • Crick, A.P. (2011b). New third places: Opportunities and challenges. Tourism Sensemaking: Strategies to Give Meaning to Experience Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1871-3173(2011)0000005006
  • Goss, J. (1999). Once upon a time in the commodity world: An unofficial guide to mall of America. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 89(1), 45-75.
  • Goss, J. (2004). Geography of consumption I. (progress reports). Progress in Human Geography, 28(3), 369- 380. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132504ph486pr
  • Goss, J. (2006). Geographies of consumption: The work of consumption. Progress in Human Geography, 30(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132506ph604pr
  • Hall, M. (2011). Anchoring and exposing in the third place: Regular identification at the boundaries of social realms. M/C Journal, 14(5), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.422
  • Hawkins, C. J. ve Ryan, L. J. (2013). Festival spaces as third places. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(3), 192-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-02-2013-0002
  • Hickman, P. (2013). ‘‘Third places’’ and social interaction in deprived neighbourhoods in Great Britain. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment.,28, 221–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10901-012-9306-5
  • Jackson, P. (2002). Consumption in a globalzing world. R.J. Johnston, P.J. Taylor ve M.J. Watts (Eds.), Geographies of Global Change Remapping The World içinde, (s.283-295, 2.baskı). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Kaygalak, İ. (2011). Postmodern eleştirilerin coğrafi düşünce ve yeni mekân kavrayışları üzerine yansımaları. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), s.1-10. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000114
  • Kaygalak, İ. (2020). Mekân ve ekonomi ‘ekonomik coğrafyada yeni yaklaşımlar. Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kuno, K. (2011). School libraries as the “third place”. Kyoto University Lifelong Education and Libraries, 11, 109- 118.
  • Kurtar Anlı, C., & Yavan, N. (2019). Deneyim yaratmada mekânın rolü: Starbucks ve Kahve Dünyası’nın deneyim ekonomisi ve üçüncü yer bakımından analizi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 18(1), 100-132.https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.494355
  • Laing, A. ve Royle, J. (2013). Examining chain bookshops in the context of “third place”. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 41 (1), 27-44. https://doi/10.1108/09590551311288157
  • Leslie, D. (2020). Consumption. A. Kobayashi (Ed.). Intenational Encylopedia of Human Geography içinde, (Second edition, pp. 383-389). Elsevier.
  • Lin, H., Pang, N. ve Luyt, B. (2015). Is the library a third place for young people?. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 47(2), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000614532303
  • Lo, L. ve Wang, L. (2012). Economic reality, ethnic identity and the geographies of consumption. B. Warf (Ed.). Encounters and Engagements between Economic and Cultural Geography içinde (s.79-101). Springer.
  • Lukito, Y. N. ve Xenia, A.P. (2018). Experiencing contemporary cafes and changes in the characteristic of third places. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 126 012208, 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012208
  • Mansvelt, J. (2005). Geographies of consumption. Sage.
  • Mansvelt, J. (2012). Making consumer and consumption. T. J. Barnes, J. Peck ve E. Sheppard (Eds.). The Wiley- Blackwell Companion to Economic Geography içinde, (s.444-458). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Mansvelt, J. (2017). Consumption. D. Richardson, N. Castree, M. F. Goodchild, A. Kobayashi, W. Liu & R. A. Marston (Eds.). International Encylopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment, and Technology. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Mansvelt, J. (2022). Geographies of consumption. Oxford Bibliographies (Online). DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199874002-0054.
  • Martin, R. & Sunley, P. (2001). Rethinking the economic in economic geography. Broadening our vision or losing our focus. Antipode,
  • 33(2), 148-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00173
  • Memarovic, N., Fels, S., Anacleto, J., Calderon, R., Gobbo, F., Carroll, J.M. (2014). Rethinking third places: Contemporary design with technology. Community Informatics and Urban Planning, 10 (3), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.15353/joci.v10i3.3440
  • Moore, R. J., E.; Gathman, C.H. ve Ducheneaut, N. (2009). From 3D space to third place: The social life of small virtual spaces. Human Organization, 68 (2), 230-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.68.2.q673k16185u68v15
  • Nguyen, T.V. T., Han, H., Sahito, N. ve Lam, T. N. (2019). The bookstore-café: Emergence of a new lifestyle as a “third place” in Hangzhou, China. Space and Culture, 22(2), 216–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331218795832
  • Oldenburg, R. ve Brissett, D. (1982). The third place. Oualitative Sociology, 5(4), 265-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00986754
  • Oldenburg, R. (1996-97). Our vanishing third places. Planning Commissioners Journal, 25,6-9. https://plannersweb.com/wp-content/uploads/1997/01/184.pdf adresinden 14 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Oldenburg, R. (1999). The great good places ‘cafes, coffee shops, bookstores, bars, hair salons and other hangouts at the hearth of community’. (3. Baskı). De Capo Press. (Orijinal eserin yayınlanma tarihi 1989)
  • Oldenburg, R. (2013). The cafe as a third place. A. Tjora ve G. Scambler (Eds.). Cafe society içinde, (s.7-22). Palgrime.
  • Purnell, D. ve Breede, D. C. (2018). Traveling the third place: Conferences as third places. Space and Culture, 21(4), 512–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331217741078
  • Redclif, M. (2010). Frontier spaces of production and consumption: Surfaces, appearances and representations on the Mayan Riviera. M. K. Goodman, D. Goodman ve M. Redclift (Eds.). Consuming Space ‘Place Consumption in Perspective’ içinde (s.81-96). Ashgate.
  • Rodriguez-Pose, A. (2001). Killing economic geography with a “cultural turn” overdose. Antipode, 33(2), 176- 182. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00176
  • Rosenbaum, M.S. (2006). Exploring the social supportive role of third places in consumers’ lives. Journal of Service Research, 9(1), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670506289530
  • Rosenbaum, M.S., Ward, J., Walker, B.A. ve Ostrom, A.L. (2007). A cup of coffee and a dash of love: An investigation of commercial social support and third-place attachment. Journal of Service Research, 10, 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670507303011
  • Rosenbaum, M.S., Sweeney, J.C ve Windhorst, C. (2009). The restorative qualities of an activity-based, third place café for seniors: restoration, social support, and place attachment at mather’s—more than a café. Seniors Housing & Care Journal, 17 (1), 39-54.
  • Rosenbaum, M. S. ve Smallwood, J. (2013). Cancer resource centers as third places. Journal of Services Marketing, 27(6) ,472-484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JSM-10-2011-0147
  • Scott, A. J. (2006). A perspective of economic geography. S. Bagchi-Sen ve H. Lawton Smith (eds.). Economic Geography: Past, Present and Future içinde, (s. 56-79). Routledge.
  • Slater, A. ve Koo, H. J. (2010). A new type of “third place”?. Journal of Place Management and Development, 3(2), 99-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538331011062658
  • Soukup, C. (2006). Computer-mediated communication as a virtual third place: building Oldenburg’s great good places on the world wide web. New Media & Society, 8(3), 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444806061953
  • Steinkuehler, C. A. (2005). The new third place: Massively multiplayer online gaming in american youth culture. Tidskrift Journal of Research in Education, 3, 16-33.
  • Steinkuehler, C. A. ve Williams, D. (2006). Where everybody knows your (screen) name: Online games as “third places”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11, 885–909. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083- 6101.2006.00300.x
  • Storper, M. (2001). The poverty of radical theory today. From the false promises of Marxism to the mirage of the cultural turn. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(1), 155-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00303
  • Tate, N. B. (2012). Museums as third places or what? Accessing the social without reservations. Museums & Social Issues, 7(2), 269-283. https://doi.org/10.1179/msi.2012.7.2.269
  • Thompson, S. (2018). Exploring the nature of third places and local social ties in high-density areas: the case of a large mixed-use complex, Urban Policy and Research, 36(3), 304-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2018.1502660
  • Thrift, N. (2000). Performing cultures in the new economy. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 90(4), 674-692. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00217
  • Wang, S. & Du, P. (2021). Retail geography. Routledge.
  • Warf, B. (2006). Consumption, geography and. B. Warf (Ed.). Encylopedia of Human Geography içinde (s.59- 61). Sage.
  • Yavan, N. (2005a). Bilim felsefesi bakımından coğrafyada pozitivist yaklaşım. Ulusal Coğrafya Kongresi (Prof. Dr. İsmail Yalçınlar Anısına) içinde, (s.40.5-414). İstanbul
  • Yavan, N. (2005b). SCI ve SSCI bağlamında Türkiye’nin coğrafya biliminde uluslararası yayın performansının karşılaştırmalı analizi:1945-2005. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 27-57. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000052
  • Yavan, N. (2006). Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı yatırımların lokasyon seçimi. İktisadi Araştırmalar Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Yavan, N. (2007). Bölge bilimi’nin gelişiminde coğrafyacıların rolü. 12. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi/Bölge Planlama Kongresi Bölge Biliminde Yeni Yaklaşımlar Bildiriler Kitabı içinde, s.109-126. Bölge Bilimi Türk Milli Komitesi, İTÜ, İstanbul.
  • Yavan, N. (2014). Batı coğrafyası geleneği üzerine. E. Bekaroğlu ve A.R. Özdemir (Eds.). Bir Disiplinin İç Dünyası: Modern Türk Coğrafyası Üzerine Söyleşiler içinde, s. 17-51. İdil Yayıncılık.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (11. Baskı). Seçkin.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Ceyda Kurtar Anlı 0000-0002-5857-9401

Nuri Yavan 0000-0002-6752-6598

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 49

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurtar Anlı, C., & Yavan, N. (2023). Tüketim mekânları olarak yerel ve küresel kafe zincirlerinin üçüncü yer kriterleri bakımından analizi. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(49), 133-157. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1295563
AMA Kurtar Anlı C, Yavan N. Tüketim mekânları olarak yerel ve küresel kafe zincirlerinin üçüncü yer kriterleri bakımından analizi. IGGE. Haziran 2023;(49):133-157. doi:10.32003/igge.1295563
Chicago Kurtar Anlı, Ceyda, ve Nuri Yavan. “Tüketim mekânları Olarak Yerel Ve küresel Kafe Zincirlerinin üçüncü Yer Kriterleri bakımından Analizi”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 49 (Haziran 2023): 133-57. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1295563.
EndNote Kurtar Anlı C, Yavan N (01 Haziran 2023) Tüketim mekânları olarak yerel ve küresel kafe zincirlerinin üçüncü yer kriterleri bakımından analizi. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 49 133–157.
IEEE C. Kurtar Anlı ve N. Yavan, “Tüketim mekânları olarak yerel ve küresel kafe zincirlerinin üçüncü yer kriterleri bakımından analizi”, IGGE, sy. 49, ss. 133–157, Haziran 2023, doi: 10.32003/igge.1295563.
ISNAD Kurtar Anlı, Ceyda - Yavan, Nuri. “Tüketim mekânları Olarak Yerel Ve küresel Kafe Zincirlerinin üçüncü Yer Kriterleri bakımından Analizi”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 49 (Haziran 2023), 133-157. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1295563.
JAMA Kurtar Anlı C, Yavan N. Tüketim mekânları olarak yerel ve küresel kafe zincirlerinin üçüncü yer kriterleri bakımından analizi. IGGE. 2023;:133–157.
MLA Kurtar Anlı, Ceyda ve Nuri Yavan. “Tüketim mekânları Olarak Yerel Ve küresel Kafe Zincirlerinin üçüncü Yer Kriterleri bakımından Analizi”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 49, 2023, ss. 133-57, doi:10.32003/igge.1295563.
Vancouver Kurtar Anlı C, Yavan N. Tüketim mekânları olarak yerel ve küresel kafe zincirlerinin üçüncü yer kriterleri bakımından analizi. IGGE. 2023(49):133-57.