Araştırma Makalesi
FACTORS THAT PREVENT PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS FROM UTILIZING COMPUTERS AND OTHER NEW TECHNOLOGICAL MEANS IN THEIR WORKPLACE: THE CASE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN THE PREFECTURE OF MAGNESIA, GREECE
Öz
In order to
understand and to promote the educational integration and utilization of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), teachers need to be
investigated in-depth, as substantial determinants of the educational process,
and research interest ought to be concentrated on the factors that are
inhibitory to their decisions concerning the pedagogical employment of ICT.
Therefore, the present paper examines three interrelated factors that prevent
primary school teachers from making use of computers and of other new
technological means in their workplace. Through qualitative methodology and
individual structured interviews, seven (7) teachers from public primary schools
of equal number, in the prefecture of Magnesia, Greece, report a) the main
problems encountered in the educational use of computers, b) their beliefs
about the pedagogical value of the utilization of computers in the teaching
process, and c) the “official policy” of their school of service regarding the
usage of computers in instructional practice. According to the findings of this
study, among others, a) the quantitatively and qualitatively inadequate or
insufficient school infrastructure and technical support are ascertained,
whilst highlighting b) the positive learning outcomes of the said use of
computers, along with schoolteacher beliefs in favor of their confined
employment. Finally, c) a range of existing school policy is observed,
including the formal or informal encouragement of the voluntary use of
computers, or the absence of corresponding guidelines. Overall, despite their
limitations, the abovementioned results can be applied to pre-service and
in-service teacher training, and in the formulation of the associated
educational policy, taking into account the available national financial
resources.
Anahtar Kelimeler
computers ICT teaching primary school teachers preventive factors
Kaynakça
- Afshari, M., Bakar, K. A., Luan, W. S., Samah, B. A., & Fooi, F. S. (2009). Factors affecting teachers’ use of Information and Communication Technology. International Journal of Instruction, 2(1), 77-104. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED524156.pdf
- Babbie, E. (2011). Introduction to Social Research (Κ. Ζafiropoulos, Ed., G. Vogiatzis, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Kritiki Publications. (Original work published 1999) [In Greek]
- Badia, A., Meneses, J., & Sigalés, C. (2013). Teachers’ perceptions of factors affecting the educational use of ICT in technology-rich classrooms. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 11(3), 787-808. http://dx.doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.31.13053
- Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences (4th ed.). Needam Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. https://mthoyibi.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/qualitative-research-methods-for-the-social-sciences__bruce-l-berg-2001.pdf
- Blackwell, C. K., Lauricella, A. R., & Wartella, E. (2014). Factors influencing digital technology use in early childhood education. Computers & Education, 77(1), 82-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.04.013
- Böhm, A. (2004). Theoretical coding: Text analysis in grounded theory. In U. Flick, E. Von Kardoff, & I. Steinke (Eds.), A Companion to Qualitative Research (B. Jenner, Trans., pp. 270-275). London, England: Sage. http://www.jums.ac.ir/Dorsapax/userfiles/file/ACompaniontoqualitativeresearchBOOK.pdf#page=380 (Original work published 2000)
- Buabeng-Andoh, C. (2012). Factors influencing teachers’ adoption and integration of information and communication technology into teaching: A review of the literature. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 8(1), 136-155. http://ijedict.dec.uwi.edu//viewarticle.php?id=1361
- Cohen, L., Manion, L, & Morrison, K. (2008). Research Methods in Education (S. Kiranakis, M. Mavraki, C. Mitsopoulou, P. Bithara, & M. Filopoulou, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Metechmio. (Original work published 2000) [In Greek]
- Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (C. Tsorbatzoudis, Ed., N. Kouvarakou, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Ion / Hellene. (Original work published 2002) [In Greek]
- Eickelmann, B. (2011). Supportive and hindering factors to a sustainable implementation of ICT in schools. Journal for Educational Research Online, 3(1), 75-103. http://www.pedocs.de/volltexte/2011/4683/pdf/JERO_2011_1_Eickelmann_Supportive_and_hindering_factors_S75_D_A.pdf
- Ertmer, P. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Sadik, O., Sendurur, E., & Sendurur, P. (2012). Teacher beliefs and technology integration practices: A critical relationship. Computers & Education, 59(2), 423-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.001
- Frikkie, G., & Ogunniyi, M. (2016). Teachers’ perceptions on the use of ICT in a CAL environment to enhance the conception of science concepts. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(1), 151-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040119
- Gialamas, V., & Nikolopoulou, K. (2010). In-service and pre-service early childhood teachers’ views and intentions about ICT use in early childhood settings: A comparative study. Computers & Education, 55(1), 333-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.01.019
- Goktas, Y., Gedik, N., & Baydas, O. (2013). Enablers and barriers to the use of ICT in primary schools in Turkey: A comparative study of 2005-2011. Computers & Education, 68, 211-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.05.002
- Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-606. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1870&context=tqr
- Hermans, R., Tondeur, J., van Braak, J., & Valcke, M. (2008). The impact of primary school teachers’ educational beliefs on the classroom use of computers. Computers & Education, 51(4), 1499-1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.02.001
- Hutchison, A., & Reinking, D. (2011). Teachers’ perceptions of integrating information and communication technologies into literacy instruction: A national survey in the United States. Reading Research Quarterly, 46(4), 312-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/RRQ.002
- Inan, F. A., & Lowther, D. L. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K-12 classrooms: A path model. Educational Technology Research and Development, 58(2), 137-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11423-009-9132-y
- Kiriazi, N. (2011). Sociological Research: Critical Review of the Methods and of the Techniques. Athens, Greece: Pedio. [In Greek]
- Kopcha, T. J. (2012). Teachers’ perceptions of the barriers to technology integration and practices with technology under situated professional development. Computers & Education, 59(4), 1109-1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.05.014
- Kreijns, K., van Acker, F., Vermeulen, M., & van Buuren, H. (2013). What stimulates teachers to integrate ICT in their pedagogical practices? The use of digital learning materials in education. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 217-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.08.008
- Kurt, S., & Ciftci, M. (2012). Barriers to teachers’ use of technology. International Journal of Instructional Media, 39(3), 225-239.
- Liu, X., & Pange, J. (2015). Early childhood teachers’ perceived barriers to ICT integration in teaching: a survey study in Mainland China. Journal of Computers in Education, 2(1), 61-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40692-014-0025-7
- Livingstone, S. (2012). Critical reflections on the benefits of ICT in education. Oxford Review of Education, 38(1), 9-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2011.577938
- Mason, J. (2011). Qualitative Researching (N. Kiriazi, Ed., E. Dimitriadou, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Pedio. (Original work published 2002) [In Greek]
- Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach (3rd ed.). London, England: Sage.
- Muir-Herzig, R. G. (2004). Technology and its impact in the classroom. Computers & Education, 42(2), 111-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1315(03)00067-8
- Nikolopoulou, K., & Gialamas, V. (2015). Barriers to the integration of computers in early childhood settings: Teachers’ perceptions. Education and Information Technologies, 20(2), 285-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-013-9281-9
- Ottestad, G. (2013). School leadership for ICT and teachers’ use of digital tools. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 8(1-2), 107-125. https://www.idunn.no/file/pdf/61221184/school_leadership_for_ict_and_teachers_use_of_digital_tools.pdf
- Palaigeorgiou, G., & Grammatikopoulou, A. (2016). Benefits, barriers and prerequisites for web 2.0 learning activities in the classroom: The view of Greek pioneer teachers. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 13(1), 2-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ITSE-09-2015-0028
- Papanastasiou, E., & Papanastasiou, K. (2014). Methodology of Educational Research (2nd ed.). Nicosia, Cyprus: Author. [In Greek]
- Player-Koro, C. (2012). Factors influencing teachers’ use of ICT in education. Education Inquiry, 3(1), 93-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/edui.v3i1.22015
- Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., & Elam, G. (2003). Designing and selecting samples. In J. Richie & J. Lewis (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers (pp. 77-108). London, England: Sage. http://www.sxf.uevora.pt/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Ritchie_2003.pdf
- Robson, C. (2010). Real World Research (K. Michalopoulou, Ed., V. P. Dalakou & K. Vasilikou, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Gutenberg. (Original work published 1993) [In Greek]
- Smeets, E. (2005). Does ICT contribute to powerful learning environments in primary education? Computers & Education, 44(3), 343-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2004.04.003
- Steinke, I. (2004). Quality criteria in qualitative research. In U. Flick, E. Von Kardoff, & I. Steinke (Eds.), A Companion to Qualitative Research (B. Jenner, Trans., pp. 184-190). London, England: Sage. http://www.jums.ac.ir/Dorsapax/userfiles/file/ACompaniontoqualitativeresearchBOOK.pdf#page=380 (Original work published 2000)
- Tondeur, J., Valcke, M., & van Braak, J. (2008). A multidimensional approach to determinants of computer use in primary education: Teacher and school characteristics. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(6), 494-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00285.x
- Tondeur, J., van Keer, H., van Braak, J., & Valcke, M. (2008). ICT integration in the classroom: Challenging the potential of a school policy. Computers & Education, 51(1), 212-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.05.003
- Tountab Haghighi, S., & Eskandari, M. (2012). A study on barriers of using information technology on learning and teaching in elementary schools. Management Science Letters, 2(1), 417-424. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2011.07.001
- Tsiolis, G. (2014). Methods and Techniques of Analysis in Qualitative Social Research. Athens, Greece: Kritiki Publications. [In Greek]
- Tsitouridou, M., & Vryzas, K. (2004). The prospect of integrating ICT into the education of young children: The views of Greek early childhood teachers. European Journal of Teacher Education, 27(1), 29-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0261976042000211838
- Tziafetas, K., Avgerinos, A., & Karakiza, T. (2013). Views of ICT teachers about the introduction of ICT in primary education in Greece. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 12(1), 200-209. http://www.tojet.net/articles/v12i1/12120.pdf
- Vanderlinde, R., Dexter, S., & van Braak, J. (2012). School‐based ICT policy plans in primary education: Elements, typologies and underlying processes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(3), 505-519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01191.x
- Verma, G. K., & Mallick, K. (2004). Researching Education: Perspectives and Techniques (A. I. Papastamatis, Ed., E. A. Griva, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Tipothito. (Original work published 1999) [In Greek]
- Vitanova, V., Atanasova-Pachemska, T., Iliev, D., & Pachemska, S. (2015). Factors affecting the development of ICT competencies of teachers in primary schools. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 1087-1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.344
- Vosniadou, S., & Kollias, V. (2001). Information and communication technology and the problem of teacher training: Myths, dreams and the harsh reality. Themes in Education, 2(4), 341-365. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228706932_Information_and_communication_technology_and_the_problem_of_teacher_training_Myths_dreams_and_the_harsh_reality
- Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York, NY: The Guildford Press. https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/qualitative-research-from-start-to-finish.pdf
- Zaranis, N., & Oikonomidis, V. (2014). The main factors of the attitudes of Greek kindergarten teachers towards information and communication technology. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2014.970853
Yıl 2016,
, 394 - 403, 09.12.2016
Öz
Kaynakça
- Afshari, M., Bakar, K. A., Luan, W. S., Samah, B. A., & Fooi, F. S. (2009). Factors affecting teachers’ use of Information and Communication Technology. International Journal of Instruction, 2(1), 77-104. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED524156.pdf
- Babbie, E. (2011). Introduction to Social Research (Κ. Ζafiropoulos, Ed., G. Vogiatzis, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Kritiki Publications. (Original work published 1999) [In Greek]
- Badia, A., Meneses, J., & Sigalés, C. (2013). Teachers’ perceptions of factors affecting the educational use of ICT in technology-rich classrooms. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 11(3), 787-808. http://dx.doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.31.13053
- Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences (4th ed.). Needam Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. https://mthoyibi.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/qualitative-research-methods-for-the-social-sciences__bruce-l-berg-2001.pdf
- Blackwell, C. K., Lauricella, A. R., & Wartella, E. (2014). Factors influencing digital technology use in early childhood education. Computers & Education, 77(1), 82-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.04.013
- Böhm, A. (2004). Theoretical coding: Text analysis in grounded theory. In U. Flick, E. Von Kardoff, & I. Steinke (Eds.), A Companion to Qualitative Research (B. Jenner, Trans., pp. 270-275). London, England: Sage. http://www.jums.ac.ir/Dorsapax/userfiles/file/ACompaniontoqualitativeresearchBOOK.pdf#page=380 (Original work published 2000)
- Buabeng-Andoh, C. (2012). Factors influencing teachers’ adoption and integration of information and communication technology into teaching: A review of the literature. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 8(1), 136-155. http://ijedict.dec.uwi.edu//viewarticle.php?id=1361
- Cohen, L., Manion, L, & Morrison, K. (2008). Research Methods in Education (S. Kiranakis, M. Mavraki, C. Mitsopoulou, P. Bithara, & M. Filopoulou, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Metechmio. (Original work published 2000) [In Greek]
- Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (C. Tsorbatzoudis, Ed., N. Kouvarakou, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Ion / Hellene. (Original work published 2002) [In Greek]
- Eickelmann, B. (2011). Supportive and hindering factors to a sustainable implementation of ICT in schools. Journal for Educational Research Online, 3(1), 75-103. http://www.pedocs.de/volltexte/2011/4683/pdf/JERO_2011_1_Eickelmann_Supportive_and_hindering_factors_S75_D_A.pdf
- Ertmer, P. A., Ottenbreit-Leftwich, A. T., Sadik, O., Sendurur, E., & Sendurur, P. (2012). Teacher beliefs and technology integration practices: A critical relationship. Computers & Education, 59(2), 423-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.02.001
- Frikkie, G., & Ogunniyi, M. (2016). Teachers’ perceptions on the use of ICT in a CAL environment to enhance the conception of science concepts. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(1), 151-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040119
- Gialamas, V., & Nikolopoulou, K. (2010). In-service and pre-service early childhood teachers’ views and intentions about ICT use in early childhood settings: A comparative study. Computers & Education, 55(1), 333-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.01.019
- Goktas, Y., Gedik, N., & Baydas, O. (2013). Enablers and barriers to the use of ICT in primary schools in Turkey: A comparative study of 2005-2011. Computers & Education, 68, 211-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.05.002
- Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-606. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1870&context=tqr
- Hermans, R., Tondeur, J., van Braak, J., & Valcke, M. (2008). The impact of primary school teachers’ educational beliefs on the classroom use of computers. Computers & Education, 51(4), 1499-1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.02.001
- Hutchison, A., & Reinking, D. (2011). Teachers’ perceptions of integrating information and communication technologies into literacy instruction: A national survey in the United States. Reading Research Quarterly, 46(4), 312-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/RRQ.002
- Inan, F. A., & Lowther, D. L. (2010). Factors affecting technology integration in K-12 classrooms: A path model. Educational Technology Research and Development, 58(2), 137-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11423-009-9132-y
- Kiriazi, N. (2011). Sociological Research: Critical Review of the Methods and of the Techniques. Athens, Greece: Pedio. [In Greek]
- Kopcha, T. J. (2012). Teachers’ perceptions of the barriers to technology integration and practices with technology under situated professional development. Computers & Education, 59(4), 1109-1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.05.014
- Kreijns, K., van Acker, F., Vermeulen, M., & van Buuren, H. (2013). What stimulates teachers to integrate ICT in their pedagogical practices? The use of digital learning materials in education. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 217-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.08.008
- Kurt, S., & Ciftci, M. (2012). Barriers to teachers’ use of technology. International Journal of Instructional Media, 39(3), 225-239.
- Liu, X., & Pange, J. (2015). Early childhood teachers’ perceived barriers to ICT integration in teaching: a survey study in Mainland China. Journal of Computers in Education, 2(1), 61-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40692-014-0025-7
- Livingstone, S. (2012). Critical reflections on the benefits of ICT in education. Oxford Review of Education, 38(1), 9-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2011.577938
- Mason, J. (2011). Qualitative Researching (N. Kiriazi, Ed., E. Dimitriadou, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Pedio. (Original work published 2002) [In Greek]
- Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach (3rd ed.). London, England: Sage.
- Muir-Herzig, R. G. (2004). Technology and its impact in the classroom. Computers & Education, 42(2), 111-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1315(03)00067-8
- Nikolopoulou, K., & Gialamas, V. (2015). Barriers to the integration of computers in early childhood settings: Teachers’ perceptions. Education and Information Technologies, 20(2), 285-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-013-9281-9
- Ottestad, G. (2013). School leadership for ICT and teachers’ use of digital tools. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy, 8(1-2), 107-125. https://www.idunn.no/file/pdf/61221184/school_leadership_for_ict_and_teachers_use_of_digital_tools.pdf
- Palaigeorgiou, G., & Grammatikopoulou, A. (2016). Benefits, barriers and prerequisites for web 2.0 learning activities in the classroom: The view of Greek pioneer teachers. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 13(1), 2-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ITSE-09-2015-0028
- Papanastasiou, E., & Papanastasiou, K. (2014). Methodology of Educational Research (2nd ed.). Nicosia, Cyprus: Author. [In Greek]
- Player-Koro, C. (2012). Factors influencing teachers’ use of ICT in education. Education Inquiry, 3(1), 93-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/edui.v3i1.22015
- Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., & Elam, G. (2003). Designing and selecting samples. In J. Richie & J. Lewis (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers (pp. 77-108). London, England: Sage. http://www.sxf.uevora.pt/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Ritchie_2003.pdf
- Robson, C. (2010). Real World Research (K. Michalopoulou, Ed., V. P. Dalakou & K. Vasilikou, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Gutenberg. (Original work published 1993) [In Greek]
- Smeets, E. (2005). Does ICT contribute to powerful learning environments in primary education? Computers & Education, 44(3), 343-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2004.04.003
- Steinke, I. (2004). Quality criteria in qualitative research. In U. Flick, E. Von Kardoff, & I. Steinke (Eds.), A Companion to Qualitative Research (B. Jenner, Trans., pp. 184-190). London, England: Sage. http://www.jums.ac.ir/Dorsapax/userfiles/file/ACompaniontoqualitativeresearchBOOK.pdf#page=380 (Original work published 2000)
- Tondeur, J., Valcke, M., & van Braak, J. (2008). A multidimensional approach to determinants of computer use in primary education: Teacher and school characteristics. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(6), 494-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00285.x
- Tondeur, J., van Keer, H., van Braak, J., & Valcke, M. (2008). ICT integration in the classroom: Challenging the potential of a school policy. Computers & Education, 51(1), 212-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.05.003
- Tountab Haghighi, S., & Eskandari, M. (2012). A study on barriers of using information technology on learning and teaching in elementary schools. Management Science Letters, 2(1), 417-424. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2011.07.001
- Tsiolis, G. (2014). Methods and Techniques of Analysis in Qualitative Social Research. Athens, Greece: Kritiki Publications. [In Greek]
- Tsitouridou, M., & Vryzas, K. (2004). The prospect of integrating ICT into the education of young children: The views of Greek early childhood teachers. European Journal of Teacher Education, 27(1), 29-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0261976042000211838
- Tziafetas, K., Avgerinos, A., & Karakiza, T. (2013). Views of ICT teachers about the introduction of ICT in primary education in Greece. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 12(1), 200-209. http://www.tojet.net/articles/v12i1/12120.pdf
- Vanderlinde, R., Dexter, S., & van Braak, J. (2012). School‐based ICT policy plans in primary education: Elements, typologies and underlying processes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(3), 505-519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2011.01191.x
- Verma, G. K., & Mallick, K. (2004). Researching Education: Perspectives and Techniques (A. I. Papastamatis, Ed., E. A. Griva, Trans.). Athens, Greece: Tipothito. (Original work published 1999) [In Greek]
- Vitanova, V., Atanasova-Pachemska, T., Iliev, D., & Pachemska, S. (2015). Factors affecting the development of ICT competencies of teachers in primary schools. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 1087-1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.344
- Vosniadou, S., & Kollias, V. (2001). Information and communication technology and the problem of teacher training: Myths, dreams and the harsh reality. Themes in Education, 2(4), 341-365. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228706932_Information_and_communication_technology_and_the_problem_of_teacher_training_Myths_dreams_and_the_harsh_reality
- Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York, NY: The Guildford Press. https://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/qualitative-research-from-start-to-finish.pdf
- Zaranis, N., & Oikonomidis, V. (2014). The main factors of the attitudes of Greek kindergarten teachers towards information and communication technology. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2014.970853
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 9 Aralık 2016 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 23 Aralık 2016 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2016 |
Kaynak Göster
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