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The Effects of Dispute Settlement Body of The World Trade Organization on International Trade

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3, 608 - 624, 05.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1140660

Öz

This study examines the effects of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), a sub-unit of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that acts as a global umbrella in economic integrations, on both world trade and the foreign trade of some selected countries. This study introduces a new explanatory variable (DISPUTE) in the literature by analyzing the data from the use of the DSB by the WTO’s member countries from 1995 to 2018. This variable was modeled using the gravity model and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator (PPML). As a result of analysis, the DSB positively affects world trade, that is, the WTO contributes to the increasing world trade. The use of this mechanism by the trade partners of the selected countries affects these countries’ exports and imports in different ways. As another important result, contrary to expectations, the use of this mechanism by the trade partners of developed economies, which have been accused of lobbying in the WTO, does not affect the foreign trade of developed economies positively.

Kaynakça

  • Adekola, T.A. (2019). US–China trade war and the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, 18(3), 125-135. DOI 10.1108/JITLP-02-2019-0011
  • Akman, M.S. & Yaman, S. (2008). World Trade Organization DOHA round multilateral trade negotiations and Turkey. TEPAV. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from https://www.tepav.org.tr/tr/yayin/s/151.
  • Bacchetta, M., Beverelli, C., Cadot, O., Fugazza, M., Grether, J.M., Helble, M., Nicita, A. & Piermartini, R. (2012). A practical guide to trade policy analysis. World Trade Organization, Geneva.
  • Baldwin, R. & Taglioni, D. (2006). Gravity for dummies and dummies for gravity equations. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 12516.
  • Baldwin, R. & Taglioni, D. (2007). Trade effects of the Euro: A comparison of estimators. Journal of Economic Integration, 22(4), 780-818.
  • Bekkers, E. & Teh, R. (2019). Potential economic effects of a global trade conflict. Projecting the medium-run effects with the WTO global trade model. World Trade Organization, Staff working paper, No. ERSD-2019-04.
  • Bernier, A. & Schlandt, J. (2018). Literature Review: WTO Accession and economic growth. USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services (EADS), M/CIO/ITSD/KM, USAID/E3/TRR.
  • Carrere, C. (2006). Revisiting the effects of regional trade agreements on trade flows with proper specification of the gravity model. European Economic Review, 50(2), 223-247
  • Chemutai, V. & Escaith, H. (2017). Measuring World Trade Organization (WTO) accession commitments and their economic effects. Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy, 08(2), 1-27.
  • Choukroune, L. (2012). China and the WTO dispute settlement system. The global trade lawyer and the state capitalist. China Perspectives, China’s WTO Decade, 1, 49-57.
  • CSIS (2020). How influential is China in the World Trade Organization? Retrieved December 27, 2022 from https://chinapower.csis.org/china-world-trade-organization-wto/
  • Demiroglu, O. (2019). The effect of free trade agreements on foreign trade: A comparative analysis for Turkey. Istanbul Ticaret University, Foreign Trade Institute, unpublished PhD. thesis.
  • Deng, J. (2021). Experience and prospect of trade war between China and the United States. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 615, 1100-104.
  • Egger, P. (2002). An econometric view on the estimation of gravity models and the calculation of trade potentials. The World Economy, 25(2), 297-312
  • Golovko, A. (2014). Analysis of foreign trade of Eurasian countries in the framework of the gravity model. Ankara University, Social Science Institute, unpublished PhD thesis.
  • Hart, N.M. and Murrill, B.J. (2021). The World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) appellate body: key disputes and controversies. Congressional Research Service, No. R46852.
  • Herrera, E.G. (2013). Comparing alternative methods to estimate gravity models of bilateral trade. Empirical Economics, 44(3), 1087-1111.
  • Hirsh, B. (2019). Resolving the WTO appellate body crisis commissioned by: Proposals on over reach. Tailwind Global Strategies, December 2019.
  • IMF (2020). Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS). Retrieved October 14, 2020, from https://data.imf.org/?sk=9D6028D4-F14A-464C-A2F2-59B2CD424B85
  • Kim, S.Y. and Hoffman, T. (2017). Does trade comply? The economic effect(iveness) of the WTO dispute settlement process from Part III - General trends and patterns in WTO dispute settlement. Chapter in the Assessing the World Trade Organization. (Edited by Manfred Elsig, Bernard Hoekman and Joost Pauwelyn). Cambridge University Press.
  • Limao, N. (2016). Preferential trade agreements. NBER Working Paper, No. 22138.
  • Matsushita, M., Schoenbaum, T.J., Mavroidis, P. (2004). The World Trade Organization. law, practice, and policy. European Journal of International Law, 15(3), 593-596.
  • Palacioglu, T. (2018). Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’nde Türkiye’nin taraf olduğu anlaşmazliklarin çözümü mekanizması. İstanbul Ticaret Odası (İTO) / İstanbul Düşünce Akademisi (İDA), Yayin No: 2018-1, ISBN 978-605-68908-1-9.
  • Petersmann, E.U. (2018). The 2018 American and Chinese trade wars risk undermining the world trading system and constitutional democracies. European University Institute, Department of Law, WP No. Law 2018/17.
  • Pyne, P.K. & Roy, S. (2018). Does WTO improve market access? May be, but with maturity. Retrieved May 4, 2020, from https://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2018/papers/SaikatSinhaRoy.pdf
  • Reich, A. (2017). The effectiveness of the WTO dispute settlement system: A statistical analysis. European University Institute, Working Paper, No. LAW 2017/11
  • Salvatici, L. (2014). The gravity model in international trade. AGRODEP Technical Notes, No. TN-04.
  • Shepherd, B. (2012). The gravity model of international trade: A user guide. United Nations ESCAP, United Nations, New York.
  • Shepherd, B., Doytchinova, H.S. & Kravchenko, A. (2019). The gravity model of international trade: A user guide [R version]. United Nations ESCAP, Bangkok.
  • Silva, J.M.C. & Tenreyro, S. (2006). The log of gravity. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(4), 641-658.
  • Simayi, A. (2014). World Trade Organization dispute settlement system and a party to dispute in China. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 41, 1-23.
  • Simsek, M. (2005). Economic effects of Republic of Chinas ascensionin to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and scenarios about future of China. Journal of Management and Economy, 12(2), 77-90.
  • Subramanian, A. & Wei, S.J. (2007). The WTO promotes trade, strongly but unevenly. Journal of International Economics, 71(1), 151-175.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962a). Shaping the world economy. The Twentieth Century Fund, New York.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962b). Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an international economic policy. The Twentieth Century Fund, New York.
  • Vurdu, S.A. (2022). Evaluation of dispute settlement mechanism in World Trade Organization and other reform issues. Istanbul Commerce University Social Sciences Journal of Law Issue, 21(44), 695-723, doi: 10.46928/iticusbe.982343.
  • Westerlund, J. & Wilhelmsson, F. (2009). Estimating the gravity model without gravity using panel data. Applied Economics, 43, 641-649.
  • WTO (2011). Anatomy of preferential trade agreements, World Trade Report 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2021, from https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr11-2d_e.pdf
  • WTO (2015). The WTO at twenty, challenges and achievements. Geneva: WTO Publications, 319.
  • WTO (2020). Dispute settlement. Retrieved January 1, 2021, from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu _e/dispu_e.htm
  • Yerdelen Tatoglu, F. (2020). Econometrics with stata application. Beta Publications, Istanbul.

Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’nün Anlaşmazlıkların Halli Mekanizmasının Uluslararası Ticarete Etkileri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3, 608 - 624, 05.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1140660

Öz

Bu çalışma ekonomik entegrasyonlarda küresel çatı görevi üstlenen Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’nün alt birimi olan Anlaşmazlıkların Halli Organı Mekanizmasının, dünya ve seçilmiş bazı ülkelerin dış ticaretleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktadır. Anlaşmazlıkların Halli Mekanizmasının, Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’ne üye ülkelerce 1995 – 2018 yılları arasında kullanılmasından elde edilen veriler yarımıyla literatüre bu çalışma ile kazandırılan yeni bir açıklayıcı değişken (DISPUTE) oluşturulmuştur. Söz konusu değişken, Çekim Modeli ve Pseudo Poisson Maximum Likehood tahmincisi kullanılarak modellenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular; Anlaşmazlıkların Halli Mekanizmasının dünya ticaretini pozitif etkilediğini, yani Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’nün dünya ticaretini artırmaya katkı sağladığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada söz konusu mekanizmanın, seçili bazı ülkelerin ve dünyanın dış ticaretine olan etkileri de araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda; seçilen ülkelerin ticari partnerlerinin söz konusu mekanizmayı kullanılmalarının, bu ülkelerin ihracat ve ithalatlarını farklı yönlerde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada öne çıkan bir diğer önemli husus da Dünya Ticaret Örgütü nezdinde lobicilikle suçlanan gelişmiş ekonomilerin, partnerlerinin söz konusu mekanizmayı kullanıyor olmalarının, beklentinin aksine, genel anlamda gelişmiş ekonomilerin dış ticaretlerini olumlu yönde etkilememiş olmasıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Adekola, T.A. (2019). US–China trade war and the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, 18(3), 125-135. DOI 10.1108/JITLP-02-2019-0011
  • Akman, M.S. & Yaman, S. (2008). World Trade Organization DOHA round multilateral trade negotiations and Turkey. TEPAV. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from https://www.tepav.org.tr/tr/yayin/s/151.
  • Bacchetta, M., Beverelli, C., Cadot, O., Fugazza, M., Grether, J.M., Helble, M., Nicita, A. & Piermartini, R. (2012). A practical guide to trade policy analysis. World Trade Organization, Geneva.
  • Baldwin, R. & Taglioni, D. (2006). Gravity for dummies and dummies for gravity equations. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 12516.
  • Baldwin, R. & Taglioni, D. (2007). Trade effects of the Euro: A comparison of estimators. Journal of Economic Integration, 22(4), 780-818.
  • Bekkers, E. & Teh, R. (2019). Potential economic effects of a global trade conflict. Projecting the medium-run effects with the WTO global trade model. World Trade Organization, Staff working paper, No. ERSD-2019-04.
  • Bernier, A. & Schlandt, J. (2018). Literature Review: WTO Accession and economic growth. USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services (EADS), M/CIO/ITSD/KM, USAID/E3/TRR.
  • Carrere, C. (2006). Revisiting the effects of regional trade agreements on trade flows with proper specification of the gravity model. European Economic Review, 50(2), 223-247
  • Chemutai, V. & Escaith, H. (2017). Measuring World Trade Organization (WTO) accession commitments and their economic effects. Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy, 08(2), 1-27.
  • Choukroune, L. (2012). China and the WTO dispute settlement system. The global trade lawyer and the state capitalist. China Perspectives, China’s WTO Decade, 1, 49-57.
  • CSIS (2020). How influential is China in the World Trade Organization? Retrieved December 27, 2022 from https://chinapower.csis.org/china-world-trade-organization-wto/
  • Demiroglu, O. (2019). The effect of free trade agreements on foreign trade: A comparative analysis for Turkey. Istanbul Ticaret University, Foreign Trade Institute, unpublished PhD. thesis.
  • Deng, J. (2021). Experience and prospect of trade war between China and the United States. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 615, 1100-104.
  • Egger, P. (2002). An econometric view on the estimation of gravity models and the calculation of trade potentials. The World Economy, 25(2), 297-312
  • Golovko, A. (2014). Analysis of foreign trade of Eurasian countries in the framework of the gravity model. Ankara University, Social Science Institute, unpublished PhD thesis.
  • Hart, N.M. and Murrill, B.J. (2021). The World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) appellate body: key disputes and controversies. Congressional Research Service, No. R46852.
  • Herrera, E.G. (2013). Comparing alternative methods to estimate gravity models of bilateral trade. Empirical Economics, 44(3), 1087-1111.
  • Hirsh, B. (2019). Resolving the WTO appellate body crisis commissioned by: Proposals on over reach. Tailwind Global Strategies, December 2019.
  • IMF (2020). Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS). Retrieved October 14, 2020, from https://data.imf.org/?sk=9D6028D4-F14A-464C-A2F2-59B2CD424B85
  • Kim, S.Y. and Hoffman, T. (2017). Does trade comply? The economic effect(iveness) of the WTO dispute settlement process from Part III - General trends and patterns in WTO dispute settlement. Chapter in the Assessing the World Trade Organization. (Edited by Manfred Elsig, Bernard Hoekman and Joost Pauwelyn). Cambridge University Press.
  • Limao, N. (2016). Preferential trade agreements. NBER Working Paper, No. 22138.
  • Matsushita, M., Schoenbaum, T.J., Mavroidis, P. (2004). The World Trade Organization. law, practice, and policy. European Journal of International Law, 15(3), 593-596.
  • Palacioglu, T. (2018). Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’nde Türkiye’nin taraf olduğu anlaşmazliklarin çözümü mekanizması. İstanbul Ticaret Odası (İTO) / İstanbul Düşünce Akademisi (İDA), Yayin No: 2018-1, ISBN 978-605-68908-1-9.
  • Petersmann, E.U. (2018). The 2018 American and Chinese trade wars risk undermining the world trading system and constitutional democracies. European University Institute, Department of Law, WP No. Law 2018/17.
  • Pyne, P.K. & Roy, S. (2018). Does WTO improve market access? May be, but with maturity. Retrieved May 4, 2020, from https://www.isid.ac.in/~epu/acegd2018/papers/SaikatSinhaRoy.pdf
  • Reich, A. (2017). The effectiveness of the WTO dispute settlement system: A statistical analysis. European University Institute, Working Paper, No. LAW 2017/11
  • Salvatici, L. (2014). The gravity model in international trade. AGRODEP Technical Notes, No. TN-04.
  • Shepherd, B. (2012). The gravity model of international trade: A user guide. United Nations ESCAP, United Nations, New York.
  • Shepherd, B., Doytchinova, H.S. & Kravchenko, A. (2019). The gravity model of international trade: A user guide [R version]. United Nations ESCAP, Bangkok.
  • Silva, J.M.C. & Tenreyro, S. (2006). The log of gravity. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(4), 641-658.
  • Simayi, A. (2014). World Trade Organization dispute settlement system and a party to dispute in China. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 41, 1-23.
  • Simsek, M. (2005). Economic effects of Republic of Chinas ascensionin to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and scenarios about future of China. Journal of Management and Economy, 12(2), 77-90.
  • Subramanian, A. & Wei, S.J. (2007). The WTO promotes trade, strongly but unevenly. Journal of International Economics, 71(1), 151-175.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962a). Shaping the world economy. The Twentieth Century Fund, New York.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962b). Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an international economic policy. The Twentieth Century Fund, New York.
  • Vurdu, S.A. (2022). Evaluation of dispute settlement mechanism in World Trade Organization and other reform issues. Istanbul Commerce University Social Sciences Journal of Law Issue, 21(44), 695-723, doi: 10.46928/iticusbe.982343.
  • Westerlund, J. & Wilhelmsson, F. (2009). Estimating the gravity model without gravity using panel data. Applied Economics, 43, 641-649.
  • WTO (2011). Anatomy of preferential trade agreements, World Trade Report 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2021, from https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr11-2d_e.pdf
  • WTO (2015). The WTO at twenty, challenges and achievements. Geneva: WTO Publications, 319.
  • WTO (2020). Dispute settlement. Retrieved January 1, 2021, from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu _e/dispu_e.htm
  • Yerdelen Tatoglu, F. (2020). Econometrics with stata application. Beta Publications, Istanbul.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Oğuzhan Özçelik 0000-0001-6666-8976

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2022
Kabul Tarihi 26 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özçelik, O. (2023). The Effects of Dispute Settlement Body of The World Trade Organization on International Trade. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 38(3), 608-624. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1140660

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İZMİR İKTİSAT DERGİSİ 2022 yılı 37. cilt 1. sayı ile birlikte sadece elektronik olarak yayınlanmaya başlamıştır.