Araştırma Makalesi
Geomorphology and Formation of Natural Travertine Bridges in Diyadin (Agri), Eastern Anatolia, Turkey
Öz
This study aims to reveal the geomorphological characteristics of two natural bridges, which are among the rare landforms on the Murat River, and the factors affecting their formation, as well as the main problems related to these bridges, the work to be done for protection of the bridges, and their importance as geoheritage. The natural bridges, formed as a result of very special geomorphological processes, are located on the Murat River between the villages of Dibekli-Mollakara-Tazekent-Davut-Göğebakan-Taşbasmak in the south of Diyadin (Ağrı) District, in the area we can call the Diyadin Geothermal Area (DGA).
Observations were made in the field; Geological, geomorphological and tectonic features were examined, the elevations, lengths and widths of travertine ridges, cones and chimneys in the area were measured by a laser meter in order to reveal the characteristics of travertine accumulation patterns and their coordinates were taken with GPS. A literature study was carried out and a geomorphology map was produced with ArcGIS 10.8 package software based on the digital data obtained in the field studies.
Köprüçermik Bridge on the Murat River is 64 m long in a NNW-SSE direction. The width of the bridge varies between 9.5-21 m in the upper section. The Murat River flows in a bed with a width of 7 m under the bridge. The thickness of the travertines forming the bridge is 15 m at the entrance and 22 m at the exit. Travertine deposition continues on the eastern slope of the entrance of the bridge.
To the north of Köprüçermik Bridge there is a natural bridge called "Kudret Bridge" by the local people. The bridge, which is used as a highway bridge connecting the settlements east and west of the Murat River, is 30 meters wide and 63 meters long. The bridge opens near the NNW end of the travertine ridge extending in a NNW-SSE direction. Among these natural travertine bridges, Köprüçermik Bridge has features rarely seen in the world. It was formed by the travertine ridges running in different directions because of the thermal waters coming to the surface along the tectonic lines on both sides of the Murat River; first gaining elevation in a vertical direction, and then by the mutual horizontal development of these ridges on the river bed. Kudret Bridge was opened by the Murat River undercutting the travertine ridge and then widening it.
Kudret Bridge is a fossilised travertine bridge and has partially lost its primitive morphology. As with other forms of travertine accumulation in the area (cones, terraces, chimneys, ridges, etc.), travertine bridges also face various natural and anthropogenic threats. These accumulated forms in the Diyadin Geothermal Area (DGA) should be protected as a karst geoheritage and the area should be declared as a geopark area.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
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Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 67 Sayı: 2, 231 - 252, 25.04.2024
Öz
Bu çalışma Murat ırmağı üzerindeki ender yer şekillerinden iki doğal köprünün jeomorfolojik özellikleri ve oluşumları üzerinde etkili olan faktörleri, ayrıca bu köprüler ile ilgili başlıca problemleri, köprülerin korunmasına yönelik yapılması gereken çalışmaları ve jeomiras olarak önemini ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Çok özel jeomorfolojik süreçler sonucunda oluşan doğal köprüler, Diyadin (Ağrı) İlçesi’nin güneyinde Dibekli-Mollakara-Tazekent-Davut-Göğebakan-Taşbasamak köyleri arasında Diyadin Jeotermal Alanı (DJA) olarak adlandırabileceğimiz sahada Murat Irmağı üzerinde yer almaktadır.
Sahada arazi gözlemleri yapılmış; jeolojik, jeomorfolojik ve tektonik özellikler incelenmiş, lazermetre ile alandaki traverten sırtları, konileri ve bacaları gibi traverten birikim şekillerinin özelliklerini ortaya koymaya yönelik olarak yükseltileri, uzunlukları ve genişlikleri ölçülmüş GPS ile koordinatları alınmıştır. Literatür çalışması gerçekleştirilerek, arazi çalışmalarında elde edilen sayısal verilerin doğrultusunda ArcGIS 10.8 paket yazılımı ile jeomorfoloji haritası üretilmiştir.
Murat Irmağı üzerinde Köprüçermik Köprüsü KKB-GGD yönünde 64 m uzunluğundadır. Köprünün üst kesiminde genişliği 9,5-21 m arasında değişir. Murat Irmağı, köprü altında 7 m genişliğe sahip bir yatakta akış göstermektedir. Köprüyü oluşturan travertenlerin kalınlığı giriş kısmında 15 m, çıkış kısmında ise 22 m’dir. Traverten çökelimi köprünün giriş kısmının doğu yamaçında devam etmektedir.
Köprüçermik Köprüsü’nün kuzeyinde yöre halkının “Kudret Köprüsü” adını verdiği doğal bir köprü bulunmaktadır. Murat ırmağı doğusundaki ve batısındaki yerleşmeleri birbirine bağlayan karayolu köprüsü olarak kullanılan köprünün genişliği 30 m, uzunluğu ise 63 metredir. Köprü, KKB-GGD istikametinde uzanan traverten sırtının KKB ucuna yakın kısmında açılmıştır. Bu doğal traverten köprülerden Köprüçermik Köprüsü, dünyada oluşum bakımından ender özelliklere sahiptir. Murat Irmağı iki kenarında, tektonik hatlar boyunca yüzeye çıkan termal suların oluşturduğu farklı doğrultulardaki traverten sırtlarının önce dikey yönde yükselti kazanmaları, daha sonra ise bu sırtların karşılıklı olarak akarsu yatağı üzerinde yatay yönde gelişmeleri ile oluşmuştur. Kudret Köprüsü ise Murat Irmağı’nın traverten sırtını alttan oyması ve daha sonra genişletmesi ile açılmıştır.
Kudret Köprüsü fosil traverten köprüsü olup kısmen ilksel morfolojisini kaybetmiştir. Sahadaki diğer traverten birikim şekillerinde (koni, teras, baca, sırt gibi) olduğu gibi traverten köprüleri de doğal ve antropojenik kökenli çeşitli tehditler ile karşı karşıyadır. Diyadin Jeotermal Alanı (DJA) ‘ndaki bu birikim şekilleri karstik jeomiras olarak koruma altına alınmalı ve saha jeopark alanı olarak ilan edilmelidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
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- Karabacak, V., Mutlu, H., & Deniz Yağcıoğlu, K. (2021). Manifestations of Quaternary syneruptive fluid circulations on carbonate veins Central Anatolian Volcanic Province. Journal of Quaternary Science, 36, 124-137. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3260
- Karadoğan, S. ve Yıldırım, A. (2008). Birkleyn Mağaralarının (Diyarbakır/Lice) Jeomorfolojik Özellikleri, Oluşumu ve Turizm Potansiyeli. Dünden Bugüne Lice Sempozyumu (s. 155-178), 05-06 Eylül-2008, Lice/Diyarbakır.
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- Keskin, B. (1998). Geological Report and Geothermal Potential of Diyadin Geothermal Area. MTA Geothermal, Report, Turkey
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- Mesci, B. L., Erkman, A. C., Gürsoy, H. & Tatar, O. (2017a). Fossil findings from the Sıcak Çermik fissure ridge-type travertines and possible hominid tracks Sivas Central Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 30(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2017.1406430
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- Miller, D. J. & Donovan, S. (1999). Geomorphology of the Natural Bridge at Riversdale, Parish of St. Catherine, Jamaica. Caribbean Journal of Science, 35(1-2), 112-122.
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- Pentecost, A. (2005). Travertine. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
- Pentecost, A. & Viles, H. (1994). A review and reassessment of travertıne classification. Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 48(3), 305-314. https://doi.org/10.7202/033011ar
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- Polat, S. (2011b). Türkiye’de traverten oluşumu, yayılış alanı ve korunması. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 23, 389-428. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3249
- Polat, S. (2018). Pınarbaşı Kayseri Civarında Bol Debili Kaynaklar. 1.Pınarbaşı (Aziziye) Sempozyumu, 10-12 Mayıs 2018, Kayseri.
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- Sürmeli, H. E. (2014). Diyadin (Ağrı) Travertenlerinin Gelişimi Morfolojik ve Aktif Tektonik Özellikleri [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
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- Toker, E., Kayseri-Özer MS., Özkul, M. & Kele, S. (2015). Depositional system and palaeoclimatic interpretations of Middle to Late Pleistocene travertines: Kocaba", Denizli, SW Turkey. Sedimentology, 62(5), 1360-1383. https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12186
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- Wyatt, A. (ed.), (1986). Challinor’s Dictionary of Geology, 6th edn. Univesity of Wales Press, Cardiff.
- Zaman, M., Polat, S. ve Özdemir, M. (2000). Diyadin Kaplıcaları. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 6(4), 349–378, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/26792
- Zentmyer, R, Myrow, P.M. & Newell D. L. (2008). Travertine deposits from along the South Tibetan Fault System near Nyalam, Tibet. Geological Magazine, 145(6), 753-765, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756808005323
- Zeybek, H. İ. (2004). Delikkaya Natural Bridge (Tokat). International Symposium on Earth System (pp. 105-110), İstanbul.
- Zeybek, H. İ., Uzun, A., Yılmaz, C., Bahadır, M., Hatipoğlu, İ. K., Dinçer, H. ve Gürgöze, S. (2015). Yıldız Doğal Köprüsü, Yıldızeli-Sivas. IV. Ulusal Jeomorfoloji Sempozyumu (UJES-2015) (s. 559-563), Samsun.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Jeoformoloji ve Yüzey Örtü Süreçleri |
| Bölüm | Makaleler - Articles |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 8 Nisan 2024 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Nisan 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 14 Kasım 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 23 Ocak 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 67 Sayı: 2 |
Kaynak Göster
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