Araştırma Makalesi
BACTERIA AND YEASTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL: A LABORATORY APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGIES
Öz
The present work consists in an experimental research based on the teaching and learning of Biology in primary school. The aims of this research are two. The first is to support the current scientific evidence that underlines the effectiveness of laboratory didactics. The second is to prove that this method makes it possible to deal with several topics which are not currently mentioned in the Italian Guidelines. Nowadays, scientific evidence demonstrates that laboratory didactics has a stronger impact on lifelong learning than traditional didactic approaches, based on frontal lessons only. The epistemological and methodological structure is clear: Science, especially Biology, should not just be taught for their products (concepts, theories, innovations,) but also, and especially, for their processes. Therefore, laboratory activities, conducted through experimental methods, represent one of the best resources in order to develop problem-solving skills, which underline a scientific mind. In the laboratory, every question or curiosity leads to new discoveries. In this way students gradually come to formalize their scientific knowledge. The teacher’s role is to suspend the immediate explanation. He should be able to support spontaneous questions by students and the possibility to make hypothesis based on their naive theories. Starting from children's curiosity, it also makes possible to consider aspects that really intrigue them, but which are usually omitted by school programs, as they are considered too "far" from pupils’ actual cognitive ability. Children, unlike adults, do not tend to take anything for granted and are fascinated and intrigued by everything around them, regardless of their hypothetical complexity. For this reason, teaching Biology in this way means to support students’ intrinsic motivation, giving them not only scientific notions, but also concrete answers with practical implications in their daily lives. In this research, we followed children’s interest for the microscopic world, and we treated microbiology and its biotechnological applications in food industry. We started from bread and yogurt productions, which are very close to students’ reality, in order to introduce the topic of biotechnological applications using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus). It was surprising for children to “discover” that the dough of a bakery product and a dairy product are actually a living material. As a matter of fact, the billion cells of living microorganisms, the yeasts and the bacteria, are in fact the protagonists of fermentation processes. In conclusion, considering the outcomes of our research, it is clear that the educational implications of laboratory didactics are very significant and therefore not negligible. Moreover, this work would be an exhortation for teachers to use this method and to become a potential changing agent.
Anahtar Kelimeler
bacteria life sciences microbiology primary school scientific method yeasts
Kaynakça
- Alfieri, F., Arcà, M. & Guidoni, P. (1995) Il senso di fare scienze. Un esempio di mediazione tra cultura e scuola. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino.
- Barana, C., Dall’Acqua d’Industria, L., Bellio, M., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Schumann, S., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2021) "Teacher, may we touch it?" An innovative laboratory approach to address macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the digestive system of human and mammals in primary school. In: INTED2021 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.0210
- Barbacovi, V., Santovito, G. & Irato, P. (2018) Little scientists for large discoveries: an experimental approach to survey the world with classes ii of the primary school - The observation and study of plant life. In: EDULEARN18 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.1579
- Bassi, C., Fattori, G., Bellio, M., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Schumann, S., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2021) Feel with the skin. A didactic research to introduce the integumentary system and sensory perception in primary school. In: EDULEARN21 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.1352
- Bertoncello, O., De Rosso, A. & Santovito, G. (2021) My classroom as big as the world of CAITPR. An innovative educational-didactic approach for the training of eco-sensitive citizens. In: EDULEARN21 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.0372
- Bortolami, I., Bisaccia, P., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2020) The blue gold: an empirical research to introduce the discussion of water issue in relation to plants, animals and human in primary school. In: EDULEARN20 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.0496.
- Calvani, A. (2011) Principi dell’istruzione e strategie per insegnare: Criteri per una didattica efficace. Carrocci, Roma.
- Capparotto, A., Bramuzzo, S., Callegaro, E., Poloni, E., Corrà, F. & Santovito G. (2017) The didactics of biology in primary school: an innovative approach to skeletal system teaching in fifth class based on comparative vertebrate anatomy. In: INTED2017 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. http://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2017.0935
- Castoldi, M. (2011) Progettare per competenze: Percorsi e strumenti. Carocci, Roma.
- Chiesa, E., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2019) The circulatory system of vertebrates and invertebrates: an empirical research to introduce in the fourth class the treatment of animal morphology in a comparative key. In: INTED2019 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.0391
- Corbolino, N., Bisaccia, P., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2020) The vegetable garden. an instrument for sustainable development education and care pedagogy. In: INTED2020 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.1282.
- Fabris, G., Bisaccia, P., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2020) Discovering the nervous system. An innovative teaching approach for primary school. In: EDULEARN20 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.0889.
- Fassinato, C., Nicorelli, E., Corrà, F., Irato, P., Guidolin, L. & Santovito G. (2018) An innovative approach to deal with biodiversity at school with its investigation in different environments. In: EDULEARN18 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.0717
- Favaron, A., Ancona, E., Bramuzzo, S., Callegaro, E., Guidolin, L., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2017) An innovative teaching approach to circulatory and skeletal systems based on comparative vertebrate anatomy and physiology. In: EDULEARN17 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. http://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.1015
- Forlin, E., Santovito, G., Guidolin, L. & Irato, P. (2018) Citrus fruits. Course to educate to scientific curiosity. In: EDULEARN18 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.1573
- Frigerio, R., Bellio, M., Bonato, M., Santovito, G. & Irato, P. (2021) Fruit and vegetables: discovering conscious food choices. Creation of an educational project to stimulate the study of science in a class ii of a lower secondary school. In: EDULEARN21 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.1329
- Furlan S., Bellio M., Corrà F., Bonato M., Schumann S., Irato P., Tamino G., Santovito G. (2021) A, B, C, D… NA: Genetics explained to children. an innovative didactic and laboratory proposal in primary school. In: EDULEARN21 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.1216
- Furlanetto, L., Bellio, M., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Schumann, S., Irato, P. & Santovito G. (2021) The circle of life. Human reproduction and embryonic development in primary school. In: INTED2021 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.0209
- Gainotti, A. & Modelli, A. (2008) Scienze della natura. Zanichelli, Bologna.
- Gaiotto, A., Tonon, S. & Santovito, G. (2013) The scientific method in the teaching of life sciences in primary school, The plants and their seasonal changes”. In EDULEARN13 Proceedings, pp. 4226-4235.
- Gaiotto, A. & Santovito G. (2016) An innovative didactic approach to the study of invertebrate animals in primary school. In: EDULEARN16 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. http://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2016.1284
- Gaiotto, A., Bisaccia, P., Bonato, M., Irato, P., Corrà, F. & Santovito, G. (2020) The plants and their seasonal changes: teaching biology in primary school using the scientific method. In: INTCESS2020 Proceedings, OCERINT, Istanbul, pp 261-270.
- Gallina, S., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2019) Inquiry into animal tracks: an experimental application of IBSE -inquiry based science education- approach in the ecological field in primary school. In: INTED2019 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.0089
- Grando, G., Bramuzzo, S., Irato, P., Guidolin, L., Ferrari, L. & Santovito, G. (2018) Introduction to the world of insects: a didactic research in kindergarten. In: INTED2018 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2018.1066
- Grando, G, Bramuzzo, S., Callegaro, E., Guidolin, L., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2018) Who is afraid of insects? A didactic research in the biological field in kindergarten. In: EDULEARN18 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.0724
- Lago, A., Masiero, S., Bramuzzo, S., Callegaro, E., Poloni, E., Corrà, F. & Santovito G. (2017) Exploring microbiology and biotechnologies: a laboratory approach to the study of yeasts and bacteria in primary school. In: INTED2017 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. http://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2017.0992
- Longo, C. (1998). Didattica della biologia. La Nuova Italia Editrice, Firenze.
- Lui, F., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2019) Discovering living organisms: a didactic research to introduce biology in kindergarten. In: EDULEARN19 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2019.1040
- Meneghetti, G, Bramuzzo, S., Callegaro, E., Guidolin, L., Irato, P. & Santovito G. (2017) The kingdom of fungi in primary school: an educational research in biology field. In: EDULEARN17 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.1023
- Palmieri, G., Irato, P., Nicolosi, P. & Santovito, G. (2019) A day at the museum. Laboratory teaching in the Museum of Zoology at the University of Padua for primary school. In: EDULEARN19 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2019.1037
- Pavan, C. & Santovito, G. (2014) The laboratory didactics in the teaching -learning processes of life sciences. an educational project on microorganisms in the alimentation in primary school. In: EDULEARN14 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, pp 7546-7555.
- Pavan, C., Bellio, M., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Schumann, S., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2021) Microorganisms in the alimentation in primary school: the laboratory didactics in the teaching - learning processes of life sciences. In: INTCESS2021 Proceedings, OCERINT, Istanbul. https://doi.org/10.51508/intcess.202176
- Rossi, E. & Santovito, G. (2016) Introduction to Mendelian genetics in primary school. In EDULEARN16 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. http://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2016.1274
- Santovito, G. (2015) Insegnare la biologia ai bambini. Dalla scuola dell’infanzia al primo ciclo d’istruzione. Carocci, Roma.
- Toninato, V. & Santovito, G. (2015) The laboratory didactics in the teaching-learning processes of life sciences. an educational project on the structure of the flower and the inflorescences phenomenon in primary school. In: EDULEARN15 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, pp 2245-2254.
- Tonon, S., Gaiotto, A. & Santovito, G. (2013) The active teaching of life sciences in primary school: a comparative approach to the musculoskeletal system. In: EDULEARN13 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, pp. 4289-4298.
- Tonon, S., Bisaccia, P., Bonato, M., Irato, P., Corrà, F. & Santovito, G. (2020) A comparative approach to the musculoskeletal system in primary school. In: INTCESS2020 Proceedings, OCERINT, Istanbul, pp 251-260.
- Trevisan, T. & Santovito, G. (2015) Teaching evolution: a laboratory approach. In: EDULEARN15 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, pp 2234-2244.
- Tura, N., Guidolin, L., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2018) From cell to inheritance of characters: an introduction to classical genetics in primary school. In: INTED2018 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2018.1076
- Zanata, M. & Santovito, G. (2020) The "Da Vinci" Biodiversity Park (Treviso, Italy). A didactic garden as innovative support to the teaching of science in secondary school. In: INTED2020 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.1474.
- Zandonella Necca, I., Bellio, M., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Schumann, S., Irato, P., Tamino, G. & Santovito, G. (2021) Sustainable food: an innovative approach based on the assessment for learning method in secondary schools. In: INTCESS2021 Proceedings, OCERINT, Istanbul, https://doi.org/10.51508/intcess.202177
- Zandonella Necca, I., Tamino, G. & Santovito, G. (2014) Sustainable food: an educational proposal, for key stage 3 in secondary schools, based on the assessment for learning method. In: EDULEARN14 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, pp 7348-7356.
Yıl 2022,
, 163 - 171, 04.09.2022
Öz
Kaynakça
- Alfieri, F., Arcà, M. & Guidoni, P. (1995) Il senso di fare scienze. Un esempio di mediazione tra cultura e scuola. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino.
- Barana, C., Dall’Acqua d’Industria, L., Bellio, M., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Schumann, S., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2021) "Teacher, may we touch it?" An innovative laboratory approach to address macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the digestive system of human and mammals in primary school. In: INTED2021 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.0210
- Barbacovi, V., Santovito, G. & Irato, P. (2018) Little scientists for large discoveries: an experimental approach to survey the world with classes ii of the primary school - The observation and study of plant life. In: EDULEARN18 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.1579
- Bassi, C., Fattori, G., Bellio, M., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Schumann, S., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2021) Feel with the skin. A didactic research to introduce the integumentary system and sensory perception in primary school. In: EDULEARN21 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.1352
- Bertoncello, O., De Rosso, A. & Santovito, G. (2021) My classroom as big as the world of CAITPR. An innovative educational-didactic approach for the training of eco-sensitive citizens. In: EDULEARN21 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.0372
- Bortolami, I., Bisaccia, P., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2020) The blue gold: an empirical research to introduce the discussion of water issue in relation to plants, animals and human in primary school. In: EDULEARN20 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.0496.
- Calvani, A. (2011) Principi dell’istruzione e strategie per insegnare: Criteri per una didattica efficace. Carrocci, Roma.
- Capparotto, A., Bramuzzo, S., Callegaro, E., Poloni, E., Corrà, F. & Santovito G. (2017) The didactics of biology in primary school: an innovative approach to skeletal system teaching in fifth class based on comparative vertebrate anatomy. In: INTED2017 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. http://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2017.0935
- Castoldi, M. (2011) Progettare per competenze: Percorsi e strumenti. Carocci, Roma.
- Chiesa, E., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2019) The circulatory system of vertebrates and invertebrates: an empirical research to introduce in the fourth class the treatment of animal morphology in a comparative key. In: INTED2019 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.0391
- Corbolino, N., Bisaccia, P., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2020) The vegetable garden. an instrument for sustainable development education and care pedagogy. In: INTED2020 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.1282.
- Fabris, G., Bisaccia, P., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2020) Discovering the nervous system. An innovative teaching approach for primary school. In: EDULEARN20 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2020.0889.
- Fassinato, C., Nicorelli, E., Corrà, F., Irato, P., Guidolin, L. & Santovito G. (2018) An innovative approach to deal with biodiversity at school with its investigation in different environments. In: EDULEARN18 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.0717
- Favaron, A., Ancona, E., Bramuzzo, S., Callegaro, E., Guidolin, L., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2017) An innovative teaching approach to circulatory and skeletal systems based on comparative vertebrate anatomy and physiology. In: EDULEARN17 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. http://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.1015
- Forlin, E., Santovito, G., Guidolin, L. & Irato, P. (2018) Citrus fruits. Course to educate to scientific curiosity. In: EDULEARN18 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.1573
- Frigerio, R., Bellio, M., Bonato, M., Santovito, G. & Irato, P. (2021) Fruit and vegetables: discovering conscious food choices. Creation of an educational project to stimulate the study of science in a class ii of a lower secondary school. In: EDULEARN21 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.1329
- Furlan S., Bellio M., Corrà F., Bonato M., Schumann S., Irato P., Tamino G., Santovito G. (2021) A, B, C, D… NA: Genetics explained to children. an innovative didactic and laboratory proposal in primary school. In: EDULEARN21 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.1216
- Furlanetto, L., Bellio, M., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Schumann, S., Irato, P. & Santovito G. (2021) The circle of life. Human reproduction and embryonic development in primary school. In: INTED2021 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.0209
- Gainotti, A. & Modelli, A. (2008) Scienze della natura. Zanichelli, Bologna.
- Gaiotto, A., Tonon, S. & Santovito, G. (2013) The scientific method in the teaching of life sciences in primary school, The plants and their seasonal changes”. In EDULEARN13 Proceedings, pp. 4226-4235.
- Gaiotto, A. & Santovito G. (2016) An innovative didactic approach to the study of invertebrate animals in primary school. In: EDULEARN16 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. http://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2016.1284
- Gaiotto, A., Bisaccia, P., Bonato, M., Irato, P., Corrà, F. & Santovito, G. (2020) The plants and their seasonal changes: teaching biology in primary school using the scientific method. In: INTCESS2020 Proceedings, OCERINT, Istanbul, pp 261-270.
- Gallina, S., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2019) Inquiry into animal tracks: an experimental application of IBSE -inquiry based science education- approach in the ecological field in primary school. In: INTED2019 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2019.0089
- Grando, G., Bramuzzo, S., Irato, P., Guidolin, L., Ferrari, L. & Santovito, G. (2018) Introduction to the world of insects: a didactic research in kindergarten. In: INTED2018 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2018.1066
- Grando, G, Bramuzzo, S., Callegaro, E., Guidolin, L., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2018) Who is afraid of insects? A didactic research in the biological field in kindergarten. In: EDULEARN18 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2018.0724
- Lago, A., Masiero, S., Bramuzzo, S., Callegaro, E., Poloni, E., Corrà, F. & Santovito G. (2017) Exploring microbiology and biotechnologies: a laboratory approach to the study of yeasts and bacteria in primary school. In: INTED2017 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. http://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2017.0992
- Longo, C. (1998). Didattica della biologia. La Nuova Italia Editrice, Firenze.
- Lui, F., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2019) Discovering living organisms: a didactic research to introduce biology in kindergarten. In: EDULEARN19 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2019.1040
- Meneghetti, G, Bramuzzo, S., Callegaro, E., Guidolin, L., Irato, P. & Santovito G. (2017) The kingdom of fungi in primary school: an educational research in biology field. In: EDULEARN17 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2017.1023
- Palmieri, G., Irato, P., Nicolosi, P. & Santovito, G. (2019) A day at the museum. Laboratory teaching in the Museum of Zoology at the University of Padua for primary school. In: EDULEARN19 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2019.1037
- Pavan, C. & Santovito, G. (2014) The laboratory didactics in the teaching -learning processes of life sciences. an educational project on microorganisms in the alimentation in primary school. In: EDULEARN14 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, pp 7546-7555.
- Pavan, C., Bellio, M., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Schumann, S., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2021) Microorganisms in the alimentation in primary school: the laboratory didactics in the teaching - learning processes of life sciences. In: INTCESS2021 Proceedings, OCERINT, Istanbul. https://doi.org/10.51508/intcess.202176
- Rossi, E. & Santovito, G. (2016) Introduction to Mendelian genetics in primary school. In EDULEARN16 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. http://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2016.1274
- Santovito, G. (2015) Insegnare la biologia ai bambini. Dalla scuola dell’infanzia al primo ciclo d’istruzione. Carocci, Roma.
- Toninato, V. & Santovito, G. (2015) The laboratory didactics in the teaching-learning processes of life sciences. an educational project on the structure of the flower and the inflorescences phenomenon in primary school. In: EDULEARN15 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, pp 2245-2254.
- Tonon, S., Gaiotto, A. & Santovito, G. (2013) The active teaching of life sciences in primary school: a comparative approach to the musculoskeletal system. In: EDULEARN13 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, pp. 4289-4298.
- Tonon, S., Bisaccia, P., Bonato, M., Irato, P., Corrà, F. & Santovito, G. (2020) A comparative approach to the musculoskeletal system in primary school. In: INTCESS2020 Proceedings, OCERINT, Istanbul, pp 251-260.
- Trevisan, T. & Santovito, G. (2015) Teaching evolution: a laboratory approach. In: EDULEARN15 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, pp 2234-2244.
- Tura, N., Guidolin, L., Irato, P. & Santovito, G. (2018) From cell to inheritance of characters: an introduction to classical genetics in primary school. In: INTED2018 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2018.1076
- Zanata, M. & Santovito, G. (2020) The "Da Vinci" Biodiversity Park (Treviso, Italy). A didactic garden as innovative support to the teaching of science in secondary school. In: INTED2020 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.1474.
- Zandonella Necca, I., Bellio, M., Corrà, F., Bonato, M., Schumann, S., Irato, P., Tamino, G. & Santovito, G. (2021) Sustainable food: an innovative approach based on the assessment for learning method in secondary schools. In: INTCESS2021 Proceedings, OCERINT, Istanbul, https://doi.org/10.51508/intcess.202177
- Zandonella Necca, I., Tamino, G. & Santovito, G. (2014) Sustainable food: an educational proposal, for key stage 3 in secondary schools, based on the assessment for learning method. In: EDULEARN14 Proceedings, IATED, Valencia, pp 7348-7356.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Alan Eğitimleri |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 4 Eylül 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 18 Mart 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 |
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